Biology: Concepts and Investigations
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260542202
Author: Marielle Hoefnagels
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Higher Education (us)
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Chapter 17.1, Problem 2MC
Summary Introduction
To enlist:
Several ways in which prokaryotes have influenced evolution.
Concept introduction:
Prokaryotes were the first organisms that inhabited the Earth. They lived in the extremes conditions that prevailed on Earth at that time and their activities greatly altered the history of life on Earth.
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Describe some of the hypotheses on the origin of life and the characteristics of early prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and multicellular organisms.
Describe the evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory of evolution of eukaryotes.
Evolutionary microbiologists developed a theory about a common ancestor for all eukaryotic cells. Below is a model of the theorized changes during the origin of eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are not capable of phagocytosis, or engulfing outside particles by creating a pocket in the cell membrane.
Which of the following changes in early prokaryotes could be predicted to result in the emergence of eukaryotic organisms?
A - the development of genetic transfer mechanisms in prokaryotes
B - the evolution of predatory or parasitic relationships in prokaryotes
C - the emergence of collections of cells functioning together in prokaryotes
D = the expansion of internal structures to support larger individual cells in prokaryotes
Chapter 17 Solutions
Biology: Concepts and Investigations
Ch. 17.1 - What are two domains that contain prokaryotes?Ch. 17.1 - Prob. 2MCCh. 17.1 - Prob. 3MCCh. 17.1 - Prob. 4MCCh. 17.2 - Prob. 1MCCh. 17.2 - Prob. 2MCCh. 17.2 - What does the Gram stain reveal about a cell?Ch. 17.2 - Prob. 4MCCh. 17.2 - Prob. 5MCCh. 17.2 - How are molecular data changing microbial...
Ch. 17.2 - Prob. 7MCCh. 17.3 - Prob. 1MCCh. 17.3 - Prob. 2MCCh. 17.3 - Prob. 3MCCh. 17.4 - Prob. 1MCCh. 17.4 - Prob. 2MCCh. 17.4 - What adaptations enable pathogenic bacteria to...Ch. 17.4 - What are some practical uses of bacteria and...Ch. 17.5 - Prob. 1MCCh. 17.5 - Prob. 2MCCh. 17 - A prokaryotic cell is one that a. lacks DNA. b....Ch. 17 - Which of these is a distinguishing characteristic...Ch. 17 - What feature distinguishes the cell walls of...Ch. 17 - Prob. 4MCQCh. 17 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 17 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 17 - Prob. 7MCQCh. 17 - Prob. 8MCQCh. 17 - Explain why the antibiotics penicillin and...Ch. 17 - Give five examples that illustrate how bacteria...Ch. 17 - If you were developing a new "broad-spectrum"...Ch. 17 - Ernst Mayr defined a biological species as a...Ch. 17 - In an article in Nature magazine, Sean Nee wrote...Ch. 17 - Ecosystems rely on nitrogen -fixing bacteria,...Ch. 17 - Prob. 7WIOCh. 17 - Prob. 8WIOCh. 17 - Prob. 9WIOCh. 17 - Prob. 10WIOCh. 17 - Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes most cases of...Ch. 17 - Prob. 1PITCh. 17 - Add autotrophs, heterotrophs, phototrophs, and...Ch. 17 - Prob. 3PITCh. 17 - Prob. 4PITCh. 17 - Prob. 5PIT
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- Why is the advent of cyanobacteria considered a critical step in evolution?arrow_forwardThe TATA-binding protein (TBP) is thought to be necessary for transcription in all eukaryotic cell nuclei. Studies show that archaea, but not bacteria,have a protein structurally and functionally similar to TBP. What does this similarity suggest regarding the evolution of archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes? How might knowledge of this similarity affect how systematists classify these organisms?arrow_forward1) Name and give a brief account of the theory that explains the evolution of Eukaryotic cells from Prokaryotic cells. 2) Explain the reactions that occur to form polysaccharides, using starch as an example. 3) What do enzymes do? What are their main structural features? Give an example of a biological enzyme. 4) Describe the structure of fats and lipids. Why are some solid at room temperature whereas others, particularly from plants, are liquid? Briefly describe the structure of an animal cell. What are the main differences between animal and plant cells? Briefly outline the steps involved in the synthesis of ATP in eukaryotic cellsarrow_forward
- The universal phylogenetic tree of life shows the divergence of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Studies of Lokiarchaeota help to elucidate these relationships, but the first universal tree of life was constructed by Carl Woese using ribosomal RNA sequences. There are advantages to using different types of nucleic acid for different types of analyses. What is a specific advantage of using small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis compared with DNA sequences? ▸ View Available Hint(s) SSU rRNA sequences accumulate mutations more rapidly than protein-encoding DNA. SSU rRNA is frequently transferred through horizontal gene transfer, whereas DNA sequences are not. Primers are required in DNA sequence analysis, but not for SSU rRNA sequence analysis. Although PCR products can be visualized with SSU rRNA, this is not the case with other forms of nucleic acids. DNA sequences are too highly conserved to work well for sequence analysis; individual species are…arrow_forwardThe introductory passage describes the identification of eukaryotic signature genes in Lokiarchaeota, explaining that these suggest that bacteria were acquired by archaeal cells to give rise to the Eukarya. Prior to this event, a series of events needed to take place in order for life to arise on Earth. Put the events below into the correct order to summarize the hypothesized path from prebiotic chemistry to evolutionary diversification, beginning with the earliest event. Place the items below in the correct order. Items may overlap if events occur simultaneously. ► View Available Hint(s) Bacteria and Archaea diverged. Self-replicating and catalytic RNA developed (the "RNA world"). DNA genomes developed, along with the processes of DNA replication and transcription. Lipid bilayers surrounded the earliest cells and allowed the formation of cellular compartments. Biological building blocks (amino acids, nucleosides, and sugars) appeared. Archaea and Eukarya diverged. Protein synthesis…arrow_forwardExplain how molecular systematics and metagenomics have contributed to our understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of prokaryotes.arrow_forward
- Chronologically arrange the evolutionary events of life’s origin on earth with 1 being the earliest and 10 the most recent.arrow_forwardPlace the following events in the order in which they are thought to have occurred in early evolution of life. the ability to produce proteins from genetic material the ability to use O2 as an electron acceptor for producing cellular energy the formation of heritable information (RNA) the ability to use light energy to fix CO2arrow_forwardJust as all life shares a last universal common ancestor, all eukaryotes share a last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). In considering what LECA was like, scientists look for features and processes common to all or nearly all eukaryotic groups. They assume that these structures emerged before the groups diverged and thus were present in LECA. Make a list of the features and processes that you think might have been passed down from LECA to modern eukaryotes.arrow_forward
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