Many hydrocarbons exist as structural isomers, which are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures. For example, both butane and isobutane have the same molecular formula of
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- Given the following data at 25C 2NO(g)N2(g)+O2(g)K=1 10 30 2NO(g)+Br2(g)2NOBr(g)K=8 101 Calculate K for the formation of one mole of NOBr from its elements in the gaseous state.arrow_forwardFor the decomposition of formic acid, HCOOH(l)H2O(l)+CO(g) H = +29 kJ/mol at 25C. a Does the tendency of this reaction to proceed to a state of minimum energy favor the formation of water and carbon monoxide or formic acid? Explain. b Does the tendency of this reaction to proceed to a state of maximum entropy favor the formation of products or reactants? Explainarrow_forwardTetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride), CCl4, has a normal boiling point of 76.7C and an enthalpy of vaporization, Hvap, of 29.82 kJ/mol. Estimate the entropy of vaporization, Svap. Estimate the free energy of vaporization, Gvap, at 25C.arrow_forward
- Use data given in Tables 6.2 and 18.1 to obtain the value of Kp at 1000C for the reaction C(graphite)+CO2(g)2CO(g) Carbon monoxide is known to form during combustion of carbon at high temperatures. Do the data agree with this? Explain.arrow_forwardAdenosine triphosphate, ATP, is used as a free-energy source by biological cells. (See the essay on page 624.) ATP hydrolyzes in the presence of enzymes to give ADP: ATP(aq)+H2O(l)ADP(aq)+H2PO4(aq);G=30.5kJ/molat25C Consider a hypothetical biochemical reaction of molecule A to give molecule B: A(aq)B(aq);G=+15.0kJ/molat25C Calculate the ratio [B]/[A] at 25C at equilibrium. Now consider this reaction coupled to the reaction for the hydrolysis of ATP: A(aq)+ATP(aq)+H2O(l)B(aq)+ADP(aq)+H2PO4(aq) If a cell maintains a high ratio of ATP to ADP and H2PO4 by continuously making ATP, the conversion of A to B can be made highly spontaneous. A characteristic value of this ratio is [ATP][ADP][H2PO4]=500 Calculate the ratio [B][A] in this case and compare it with the uncoupled reaction. Compared with the uncoupled reaction, how much larger is this ratio when coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP?arrow_forwardWhich contains greater entropy, a quantity of frozen benzene or the same quantity of liquid benzene at the same temperature? Explain in terms of the dispersal of energy in the substance.arrow_forward
- The standard free energies of formation and the standard enthalpies of formation at 298 K for difluoroacetylene (C2F2) and hexafluorobenzene (C6F6) are Gfo(KJ/mol) Hfo(KJ/mol) C2F2(g) 191.2 241.3 Hexane 78.2 132.8 For the following reaction: C6F6(g)3C2F2(g) a. calculate S at 298 K. b. calculate K at 298 K. c. estimate K at 3000. K, assuming H and S do not depend on temperature.arrow_forwardSilver carbonate, Ag2CO3, is a light yellow compound that decomposes when heated to give silver oxide and carbon dioxide: Ag2CO3(s)Ag2O(s)+CO2(g) A researcher measured the partial pressure of carbon dioxide over a sample of silver carbonate at 220C and found that it was 1.37 atm. Calculate the partial pressure of carbon dioxide at 25C. The standard enthalpies of formation of silver carbonate and silver oxide at 25C are 505.9 kJ/mol and 31.05 kJ/mol, respectively. Make any reasonable assumptions in your calculations. State the assumptions that you make, and note why you think they are reasonable.arrow_forwardHydrogen gas and iodine gas react to form hydrogen iodide. If 0.500 mol H2 and 1.00 mol I2 are placed in a closed 10.0-L vessel, what is the mole fraction of HI in the mixture when equilibrium is reached at 205C? Use data from Appendix C and any reasonable approximations to obtain K.arrow_forward
- Titanium(IV) oxide is converted to titanium carbide with carbon at a high temperature. TiO2(s) + 3 C(s) 2 CO(g) + TiC(s) (a) Calculate rG and K at 727 C. (b) Is the reaction product-favored at equilibrium at this temperature? (c) How can the reactant or product concentrations be adjusted for the reaction to proceed at 727 C?arrow_forwardAt 800C, K=2.2104 for the following reaction 2H2S(g)2H2(g)+S2(g) Calculate K at 8000C for (a) the synthesis of one mole of H2S from H2 and S2 gases. (b) the decomposition of one mole of H2S gas.arrow_forwardOn the basis of G for each of the following reactions, decide whether the reaction is spontaneous or non-spontaneous as written. Or, if you expect an equilibrium mixture with significant amounts of both reactants and products, say so. a SO2(g)+2H2S(g)3S(s)+2H2O(g);G=91kJ b 2H2O2(aq)O2(g)+2H2O(l);G=211kJ c HCOOH(l)CO2(g)+H2(g);G=119kJ d I2(s)+Br2(l)2IBr(g);G=7.5kJ e NH4Cl(s)NH3(g)+HCl(g);G=92kJarrow_forward
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