Physical Science (12th Edition), Standalone Book
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781260150544
Author: Bill W. Tillery
Publisher: McGraw Hill Education
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Chapter 19, Problem 10PEA
To determine
To determine the difference between the P-wave and S-wave arrival times for each station and to evaluate the farthest station from the earthquake.
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An earthquake occurs 6,875 km from a seismograph. The P-waves arrive 11.6 minutes later. How fast is the P-wave traveling (in km/s)?
If the lag time between P- and S-waves is 10.8 minutes, how fast are the S-waves traveling (in km/s)?
Using the shadow of S-waves you determine that the radius of the core is 55% of the Earth's 6,378-km radius. How many kilometers from the surface is this (in km)?
To calculate how fast the P-waves are traveling, we need to divide the distance the waves travel by the time.
vP
=
d
s
vP
= km/s
In the figure below, the earthquake occurred 7,100
km from the seismograph.
Earthquake
occurs 7,100 km
away.
First
Pwaves
arrive.
First
Swaves
arrive.
Mww
10
15
20
25
Time (minutes)
How fast did the P waves travel in km/s?
km/s
How fast did the S waves travel (in km/s)?
km/s
How long (in seconds) did the P waves and the S
waves take to travel 120 km from the epicenter?
Assume the wave speeds are constant.
P waves
S waves
Selsmic wave strength
What is the ratio of the intensities of an earthquake P-wave passing through the Earth and detected at two points 20 km and 60 km from the source? What is the ratio of the amplitudes?
Chapter 19 Solutions
Physical Science (12th Edition), Standalone Book
Ch. 19 - 1. The premise that the present is the key to...Ch. 19 - 2. The concept of uniformitarianism is that rocks...Ch. 19 - 3. A force that compresses, pulls apart, or...Ch. 19 - 4. Rock stress caused by two plates moving...Ch. 19 - 5. Adjustment to stress is defined as
a....Ch. 19 - 6. Rocks at great depths are under
a. lower...Ch. 19 - 7. A bend in layered bedrock that resulted from...Ch. 19 - 8. Folds that resemble an arch are called
a....Ch. 19 - 9. A fold that forms a trough is called a (an)
a....Ch. 19 - 10. Movement between rocks on one side of a...
Ch. 19 - 11. The actual place where seismic waves originate...Ch. 19 - 12. The point on Earth's surface directly above...Ch. 19 - 13. An earthquake that occurs in the upper part of...Ch. 19 - 14. The majority of earthquakes (85 percent)...Ch. 19 - 15. The size of an earthquake is measured by
a....Ch. 19 - 16. The energy of the vibrations or the magnitude...Ch. 19 - 17. Earthquakes are detected and measured by
a. a...Ch. 19 - 18. Elevated parts of Earth’s crust that rise...Ch. 19 - 19. Which of the following is not a classification...Ch. 19 - 20. Mountains that rise sharply from surrounding...Ch. 19 - 21. A large amount of magma that has crystallized...Ch. 19 - 22. The most abundant extrusive rock is
a....Ch. 19 - 23. The basic difference between the frame of...Ch. 19 - 24. The difference between elastic deformation and...Ch. 19 - 25. Whether a rock layer subjected to stress...Ch. 19 - 26. When subjected to stress, rocks buried at...Ch. 19 - 27. A sedimentary rock layer that has not been...Ch. 19 - 28. The difference between a joint and a fault is...Ch. 19 - 29. A fault where the footwall has moved upward...Ch. 19 - 30. Reverse faulting probably resulted from which...Ch. 19 - 31. Earthquakes that occur at the boundary between...Ch. 19 - 32. Each higher number of the Richter scale
a....Ch. 19 - 33. The removal of “older” crust from the surface...Ch. 19 - 34. Hutton observed that rocks, rock structures,...Ch. 19 - 35. The principle of uniformity has a basic frame...Ch. 19 - 36. What is not considered a type of strain?
a....Ch. 19 - 37. How a rock responds to stress and strain does...Ch. 19 - 38. Which rock is more likely to break under...Ch. 19 - 39. Rocks near or on the surface
a. are not cooler...Ch. 19 - 40. Rocks recover their original shape after...Ch. 19 - 41. Which is not a type of fault?
a. Normal
b....Ch. 19 - 42. Where do most earthquakes occur?
a. Along...Ch. 19 - 43. The name of the fault that is of concern to...Ch. 19 - 44. P-waves travel ____ S-waves.
a. faster than
b....Ch. 19 - Prob. 45ACCh. 19 - 46. An earthquake is
a. the result of the sudden...Ch. 19 - 47. The Black Hills in South Dakota and the...Ch. 19 - 48. The Appalachian Mountains were formed when
a....Ch. 19 - 49. Mountains that were formed as a result of...Ch. 19 - 50. The source of magma for the Mount St. Helens...Ch. 19 - 1. What is the principle of uniformity? What are...Ch. 19 - 2. Describe the responses of rock layers to...Ch. 19 - Prob. 3QFTCh. 19 - 4. What does the presence of folded sedimentary...Ch. 19 - 5. Describe the conditions that would lead to...Ch. 19 - 6. How would plate tectonics explain the...Ch. 19 - 7. What is an earthquake? What produces an...Ch. 19 - 8. Where would the theory of plate tectonics...Ch. 19 - 9. Describe how the location of an earthquake is...Ch. 19 - 10. Briefly explain how and where folded mountains...Ch. 19 - 11. The magnitude of an earthquake is measured on...Ch. 19 - 12. Identify three areas of probable volcanic...Ch. 19 - Prob. 13QFTCh. 19 - 14. Describe any possible relationships between...Ch. 19 - 15. What is the source of magma that forms...Ch. 19 - 16. Describe how the nature of the lava produced...Ch. 19 - 17. What are mountains? Why do they tend to form...Ch. 19 - 1. Evaluate the statement “the present is the key...Ch. 19 - Prob. 2FFACh. 19 - 3. What are the significant similarities and...Ch. 19 - 4. Explain the combination of variables that...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1IICh. 19 - Prob. 2IICh. 19 - Prob. 3IICh. 19 - Prob. 4IICh. 19 - Prob. 5IICh. 19 - Prob. 1PEACh. 19 - Prob. 2PEACh. 19 - Prob. 3PEACh. 19 - Prob. 4PEACh. 19 - Prob. 5PEACh. 19 - Prob. 6PEACh. 19 - Prob. 7PEACh. 19 - Prob. 8PEACh. 19 - Prob. 9PEACh. 19 - Prob. 10PEACh. 19 - Prob. 11PEACh. 19 - How wide, in kilometers, is a shield volcano...Ch. 19 - Prob. 13PEACh. 19 - Prob. 14PEACh. 19 - Prob. 15PEACh. 19 - Prob. 16PEACh. 19 - 1. The rocks in a syncline have been folded into a...Ch. 19 - Prob. 2PEBCh. 19 - Prob. 3PEBCh. 19 - 4. The hanging wall of a fault has been displaced...Ch. 19 - Prob. 5PEBCh. 19 - Prob. 6PEBCh. 19 - Prob. 7PEBCh. 19 - 8. Compare the ground motion (surface wave...Ch. 19 - Prob. 10PEBCh. 19 - Prob. 11PEBCh. 19 - Prob. 12PEBCh. 19 - Prob. 13PEBCh. 19 - Prob. 14PEBCh. 19 - Prob. 15PEBCh. 19 - Prob. 16PEB
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- How is the root cause of earthquakes in Hawaii different from earthquakes in Southern California?arrow_forwardAssume P waves travel at 10 km/s and S waves travel at 5 km/s. If the S waves from an earthquake arrive at a seismographic station 10 minutes after the P waves, how far away was the earthquake from the station’arrow_forwardRecall the formula for calculating the magnitude of an earthquake, M = E Eo earthquake has magnitude 3.9 on the MMS scale. If a second earthquake has 800 times as much energy log One as the first, find the magnitude of the second quake. Round to the nearest hundredth. The magnitude of the second earthquake was Numberarrow_forward
- If the time interval between the arrival of P and S is 10 seconds, how far away did the earthquake originate? Assume an average velocity of P of 6km/s and for S of 4km/s.arrow_forwardIf the Richter scale is altered so that it compares energy released instead of intensity, the definition of the scale becomes M2 - M1 = LOG31 (E2 / E1). a) If the magnitude of an earthquake is increased by 1 on the scale, by what factor is the energy released multiplied? b) What is the magnitude of an earthquake that releases 200 times the energy of an earthquake with magnitude 4.5? c) How many times greater is the energy released from an earthquake with magnitude 9.0 than that of an earthquake with magnitude 6.5?arrow_forwardIf the time difference between the arrival of P-waves and the arrival of S-waves is 60, approximately how far are you from the epicenter of the earthquake?arrow_forward
- A seismic station located 60 km from the epicenter of an earthquake, recorded the maximum height of the S-waves to be 50 mm. What was the Richter magnitude of this earthquake?arrow_forwardTutorial An earthquake occurs 7,375 km from a seismograph. The P-waves arrive 12.2 minutes later. How fast is the P-wave traveling (in km/s)? If the lag time between P- and S-waves is 10.6 minutes, how fast are the S-waves traveling (in km/s)? Using the shadow of S-waves you determine that the radius of the core is 55% of the Earth's 6,378-km radius. How many kilometers from the surface is this (in km)? Part 1 of 3 To calculate how fast the P-waves are traveling, we need to divide the distance the waves travel by the time. d Vp = Make sure you are dividing by the time in seconds. s Vp = Make sure you are dividing by the time in seconds. km/sarrow_forwardIf an earthquake measures 7.9 on the Richter Scale, what is the intensity of this earthquake, relative to a 0-level earthquake? Round off your answer to the nearest integer.arrow_forward
- Calculate the surface wave magnitude MS for an earthquake with IMM of VII, in an area that can be approximated by a circle with radius 20 km for a site at the borders of the given isoseismal. This site is located in the western United States. Compare the ensuing value with the estimations from relationships with other magnitude scales. Calculate the fault surface displacements. Assume that the earthquake mechanism is normal faulting.arrow_forwardIf one earthquake has a magnitude of 5 on the Richter scale and a second earthquake has a magnitude of 6, what is the relationship between the intensities of the two earthquakes?arrow_forwardWhat would be the maximum height of an S-wave, if an earthquake with a Richter magnitude of 2.7was detected at a distance of 20 km. from the epicenter?arrow_forward
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