COSMIC PERSPECTIVE
COSMIC PERSPECTIVE
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780135729458
Author: Bennett
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 19, Problem 57EAP
To determine

To Estimate: The mass of the gas.

To Explain: Additional cooling is necessary to form clouds.

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All massive main sequence stars reside in clouds of glowing gas. The four powerful stars in the center of the Orion Nebula are good examples. Lower mass stars like the Sun generally don't have clouds of gas around them. a. Why do powerful stars reside in gas clouds? b. What is making the gas glow exactly? For the last question, refer to the surface temperature of these stars, and to Wien's Law.
1.  A planetary nebula has an angular diameter of 76 arc seconds and a distance of 5100 ly. What is its linear diameter (in ly)?  Hint:  Use the small-angle formula:  angular diameter (in arc seconds) 2.06 ✕ 105 = linear diameter distance   2.  Suppose a planetary nebula is 3.2 pc in diameter, and Doppler shifts in its spectrum show that the planetary nebula is expanding at 31 km/s. How old is the planetary nebula in yr? (Note: 1 pc = 3.1 ✕ 1013 km and 1 yr = 3.2 ✕ 107 s.)
Based on what you learned about the source of stellar energy and how stars make energy, select all of the correct statements from the following list. 1. Many stars make energy with the proton-proton cycle. 2. The CNO cycle is more efficient than the proton-proton cycle. 3. The sun's energy comes from the CNO cycle.More massive stars make energy with the proton-proton cycle. 4. The leftover mass in both the proton-proton cycle and the CNO cycle is converted to energy. 5. A helium atom is more massive than four hydrogen atoms. 6. The CNO cycle requires a higher temperature than the proton-proton cycle.
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