Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780133923001
Author: Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk, Bruce E. Byers
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 19.4, Problem 1CSR
Summary Introduction
To determine:
The evolutionary origin of HIV help researchers devises better ways to treat AIDS and control its spread and also explain how can evolutionary thinking help advance medical research.
Introduction:
Evolution occurs in nature as a result of natural selection, mutation, and hybridization. It is characterized by the change in heritable characteristics of organisms in a population with generation.
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Scientists already knew that a special type of virus called a bacteriophage inserts genetic information into a bacterial cell in order to force the bacterial cell to make more bacteriophage viruses. What scientists did not know, however, was whether that genetic information is carried by the _____________ (proteins, DNA) covering the outside of the bacteriophage virus or by the _____________ (proteins, DNA) inside the bacteriophage virus.
Many virologists note that viruses which have a genome made up of RNA will tend to evolve faster than those viruses whose genome is made up of double-stranded DNA.
Most evolutionary biologists now accept that RNA was the first nucleic acid molecule to evolve to store information. Why is this early “RNA world” more likely when you consider how RNA polymerases (such as primase) and DNA polymerases start replicating nucleotide chains?
Biology
1. There is evidence to dispove Crick's (1958) Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. one such evidence is how the coronavirus replicates genetic information. Explain fully how this process disproves Crick's Central Dogma
2. Describe how subgenomic RNAs are unique physically compared to regular RNA strands. Explain fully the benfit of this adaptation for viruses..
Chapter 19 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
Ch. 19.1 - Origin of a Killer Analysis of nucleotide...Ch. 19.1 - explain why scientific names are necessary?Ch. 19.1 - Analysis of human chromosome 2 revealed that it...Ch. 19.1 - describe the type of similarities that...Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 19.2 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 19.2 - Prob. 1TCCh. 19.2 - explain how scientists discovered that prokaryotes...Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 19.3 - Prob. 1HYEW
Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 19.4 - Prob. 1CSRCh. 19 - Applying the Concepts The pressures created by...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1FIBCh. 19 - Prob. 1MCCh. 19 - What contributions did Linnaeus and Darwin make to...Ch. 19 - Applying the Concepts 2. During major floods, only...Ch. 19 - Prob. 2FIBCh. 19 - To be informative for reconstructing the phylogeny...Ch. 19 - Prob. 2RQCh. 19 - Consider the following list of groups: (1)...Ch. 19 - In Linnaean classification, the eight major...Ch. 19 - Prob. 3MCCh. 19 - What techniques might you use to determine whether...Ch. 19 - Systematists determine the evolutionary...Ch. 19 - In modern systematics, classifications are...Ch. 19 - Only a small fraction of the total number of...Ch. 19 - Prob. 5FIBCh. 19 - Which of the following includes all the domains...Ch. 19 - In England, daddy longlegs refers to a long-legged...Ch. 19 - The number of named species is about ________, but...Ch. 19 - Why are species designations of asexually...
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- RNA viruses often undergo rapid evolution. What aspects of their biology contribute to their high rate of evolution? What are some consequences of their rapid evolution?arrow_forwardIn 1918, an influenza pandemic that originated with avian flu killed 50 million people. Researchers isolated samples of that virus from bodies of infected people preserved in Alaskan permafrost since 1918. From the samples, they sequenced the viral genome, then reconstructed the virus. The reconstructed virus is 39,000 times more infectious than modern influenza strains, and 100 percent lethal in mice. Understanding how this virus works can help us defend ourselves against other deadly influenza strains that arise. For example, discovering what makes it so infectious would help researchers design more effective vaccines. Critics of the research are concerned: If the virus escapes the containment facilities (even though it has not done so yet), it might cause another pandemic. Worse, terrorists could use the published DNA sequence and methods to make the virus for horrific purposes. Do you think this research makes us more or less safe?arrow_forwardFill in the blanks. The parentheses represent the choices for the blank. Scientists already knew that a special type of virus called a bacteriophage inserts genetic information into a bacterial cell in order to force the bacterial cell to make more bacteriophage viruses. What scientists did not know, however, was whether that genetic information is carried by the (proteins, DNA) covering the outside of the bacteriophage virus or by the (proteins, DNA) inside the bacteriophage virus.arrow_forward
- 1. Lytic phages lyse their host cells, whereas temperate phages either lyse their host or integrate their DNA into the host cell’s genome. Prophage DNA often codes for gene products that confer new properties on the host. Filamentous single-stranded DNA phages are extruded from the host cells without killing the cell. How can a productive phage infection not kill a host cell? 2. Peptidoglycan is a molecule unique to bacteria that provides strength to the cell wall. The Gram-positive cell wall is composed of a relatively thick layer of peptidoglycan as well as teichoic acids. Gram-negative cell walls have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and a lipopolysaccharide-containing outer membrane. Penicillin and lysozyme interfere with the structural integrity of peptidoglycan. What is the significance of lipid A?arrow_forwardMany virologists note that viruses which have a genome made up of RNA will tend to evolve faster than those viruses whose genome is made up of double-stranded DNA. What do you know about how RNA polymerase (such as the primase) replicates nucleotide sequences compared to how DNA polymerases copy DNA that might help explain this difference?arrow_forwardGive typing answer with explanation and conclusion 1) A population of HIV viruses exposed to any single antiretroviral medication typically evolves resistance to this medication within a year or two. In contrast, populations of humans exposed to HIV for many years have not yet evolved significant resistance to HIV infection. Which of the following reasons may explain why evolution has been so much more rapid in HIV populations than in human populations? a) Humans have much longer generation times. b) Humans have reverse transcriptases that are less error prone. c) Human DNA polymerases are less error prone. d) Viruses need to mutate quickly to survive in their hosts. e) Humans have no ability to evolve resistance to HIV.arrow_forward
- Please answer ASAP 1. There is evidence to dispove Crick's (1958) Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. one such evidence is how the coronavirus replicates genetic information. Explain fully how this process disproves Crick's Central Dogma 2. Describe how subgenomic RNAs are unique physically compared to regular RNA strands. Explain fully the benfit of this adaptation for viruses. 3.It is speculated that coronaviruses appeared on Earth before cells. Considering tge genetic material of coroniviruses and cells justidy fully this answerarrow_forwardDescribe the genomic structure of the Rabies virus Baltimore Classification of Rabies Viruses What is the Rabies genome made of? What are the Rabies genes? How are Rabies organized? Is the Rabies genome single stranded, double stranded, RNA, DNA and what does it mean to be + or - strand? Is it segmented and what does that mean?arrow_forwardCoronaviridae is a virus “family.” There are actually many different coronaviruses within this group, including less pathogenic virus strains that cause the common cold. Many people in this course have likely been infected with one of these other coronaviruses. A common feature of coronaviruses and other RNA viruses (think influenza virus, HIV, etc.) is that they mutate frequently. This is because the viral enzymes that copy the genome during replication can’t fix mistakes. Given this information, how might we be able to distinguish the SARS-CoV-2 strain from some of the other, less concerning, coronavirus strains?arrow_forward
- The success of HAART (highly active antiretrovial therapy) against HIV is based on the idea that the probability of having an HIV virion that can simultaneously resist multiple anti-HIV drugs is very low. You were asked to investigate whether the same principle can be applied to another RNA virus, called Virus X. This is what you know about Virus X. (1) For a given antiviral drug, approximately 1 in 1,000 virions may carry a mutation that confers resistance against the said drug. (2) Roughly a total of 1010 virions can be found in an individual infected with Virus X. Assuming that all the drugs work independently of each other (i.e., mutations that allow resistance to one drug have no effect on the resistance to the other drugs), then minimally how many drugs are needed for this treatment regimen to work? Question 4 options: 1) 7 2) 6 3) 5 4) 4 5) 3arrow_forwardCOVID-19 Research Every year, the United States and the world suffer a serious outbreak of emerging, re emerging or endemic disease. Using documented and reliable sources on the internet, find information about COVID-19 and its history. Please also list the souces used. Part 1: The History of COVID-19- respond to ALL questions Who first documented it? what was the first listed causal agent? Are there any identified vectors? What are the symptoms? What were some of the early treatments? Who identified the virus and what is the virus named? Why does this outbreak have gotten such a strong foothold? 2: The Virus Describe the structure of this virus including: its genetic material the configuration/ structure of its protein capsid which cells it infects, how that infection takes place. list symptoms and complications that can arise. what the first identified strain was, and list the current strains and what mutations have occurred to create the new versions (in general - not a…arrow_forwardUnderstanding how this virus works can help us defend ourselves against other deadly influenza strains that arise. Critics of the research are concerned: If the virus escapes the containment facilities (even though it has not done so yet), it might cause another pandemic. Worse, terrorists could use the published DNA sequence and methods to make the virus for horrific purposes. Do you think this research makes us more or less safe?arrow_forward
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