Chapter 2, Problem 1RT

How do microorganisms such as bacteria eliminate harmful reactive oxygen species?

Cyanobacteria are chemosynthetic organisms that reside deep in the ocean near hydrothermal vents. Archeoglobus, one of these types of cyanobacteria, uses the pathway shown in the chemical equation. 4H2 + SO42− + 2H+ → H2S + 4H2O Based on this equation, which explanation best describes how the process of chemosynthesis in bacteria differs from photosynthesis, and why can this process occur in the absence of oxygen?  Chemosynthesis uses H2 as an energy source, while photosynthesis uses the Sun as an energy source. Chemosynthesis uses H+ as an energy source, while photosynthesis uses the Sun as an energy source. Chemosynthesis reduces a sulfate molecule in the absence of oxygen and light, while photosynthesis depends on light to reduce carbon dioxide. Chemosynthesis oxidizes a sulfate molecule in the absence of oxygen and light, while photosynthesis depends on light to reduce carbon dioxide.

Ammonia must be eliminated from wastewater before it can be reused, recycled, or discharged. Describe the three major steps that are used to convert harmful ammonia into a harmless derivative. Your answer must be specific and include any appropriate chemical formulas or names of chemical or biological reagents. Mention, when appropriate, the toxicity of any of the components or how their production can get in the way of efficiently eliminating ammonia from wastewater.