CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS-W/MASTR.BIO.
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134875040
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 20, Problem 10TYU
Summary Introduction
To determine:
The use of genetic information in the reconstruction of phylogenies that extend hundreds of millions of years back in time.
Introduction:
Phylogeny is the evolution of a genetically related group of species. It is a study that involves the evolutionary relationship among species or population using fossil records (genes, proteins, and organs) that used to find the common ancestor. Comparisons of a species or gene sequences in a phylogenetic context can provide the information that extent hundreds of millions of years back in time.
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a. Phylogenetic relationships based on chloroplast genes
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b. Phylogenetic relationships based on nuclear genes
Opisthokonts
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and cryptophyte algae to red algae,
which is different from the
relationships based on nuclear
genes shown in part b.
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Chloroplast genes relate euglenids
and chlorarachniophyte algae to
green algae, which is different from
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providing strong evidence for the…
Identify the outgroup from the phylogenetic trees and box/mark the whole lineage in red.
Identify the most recent common ancestor for species A and B and mark it in blue. Identify the
most recent common ancestor for species C and D and mark it in green.
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Define homology and homoplasy and explain their connection to the concept of parsimony in phylogenetic analysis. Provide an example of each and discuss the challenges they may present when inferring evolutionary relationships.
Chapter 20 Solutions
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS-W/MASTR.BIO.
Ch. 20.1 - Based on the tree in Figure 20.4, are leopards...Ch. 20.1 - Which of the trees shown here depicts an...Ch. 20.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 20.2 - Decide whether each of the following pairs of...Ch. 20.2 - WHAT IF? Suppose that two species, A and B, have...Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 20.3 - The most parsimonious tree of evolutionary...Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 20.4 - What is a molecular clock? What assumption...Ch. 20.4 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Review Concept 14.5. Then...
Ch. 20.4 - WHAT IF? Suppose a molecular clock dates the...Ch. 20.5 - Why is the kingdom Monera no longer considered a...Ch. 20.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 20.5 - Prob. 3CCCh. 20 - In a comparison of birds and mammals, the...Ch. 20 - To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic...Ch. 20 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 20 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 20 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 20 - If you were using cladistics to build a...Ch. 20 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 20 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY DRAW IT (a) Draw a phylogenetic...Ch. 20 - FOCUS ON EVOLUTION Darwin suggested looking at a...Ch. 20 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 20 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE This West Indian manatee...
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- explain how genetic information along with an understanding of the process of descent with modification enables scientists to reconstruct phylogenies that extend hundreds of millions of years back in time.arrow_forwardExamine the following phylogenetic tree illustrated in Figure shown in the first picture. In general, what does a phylogenetic tree illustrate? How do you compare the relationships of organisms BB, CC, and DD? Given the following organisms in the Table in the second picture, number them in terms of which is relatively closest and distant. Number 1 refers to closest.arrow_forwardHorse - Equus caballus Trace its origin and evolutionary history or changes in the species. Describe its structures and their functions. What is the importance of this species to our environment? Give trivia about this species. Does this organism produce oxygen? Explain. What are the ancestral species of your chosen organism? Has this species been genetically engineered? If yes, in what way? How does this species reproduce? What organisms have similar structures to this species? Do these structures have the same function? Does the species have tissues, organs, and/or organ systems? What is its role in the flow of energy? Give at 15 least a sentence to each question.arrow_forward
- The universal phylogenetic tree of life shows the divergence of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Studies of Lokiarchaeota help to elucidate these relationships, but the first universal tree of life was constructed by Carl Woese using ribosomal RNA sequences. There are advantages to using different types of nucleic acid for different types of analyses. What is a specific advantage of using small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis compared with DNA sequences? ▸ View Available Hint(s) SSU rRNA sequences accumulate mutations more rapidly than protein-encoding DNA. SSU rRNA is frequently transferred through horizontal gene transfer, whereas DNA sequences are not. Primers are required in DNA sequence analysis, but not for SSU rRNA sequence analysis. Although PCR products can be visualized with SSU rRNA, this is not the case with other forms of nucleic acids. DNA sequences are too highly conserved to work well for sequence analysis; individual species are…arrow_forwardWhich of the following best explains why coalescent-based phylogenetic inference is important in the age of phylogenomics? A) Coalescent-based methods directly model gene tree histories independently to infer the species tree in a summary-based manner, which is important for phylogenomic analysis were hundreds to thousands of gene histories are analyzed. B) Coalescent-based methods have the most advanced evolutionary models of molecular evolution, which is important for phylogenomic analysis were hundreds to thousands of gene histories are analyzed. C) Coalescent-based methods are no more important than other types of phylogenetic inference, even for phylogenomic analyses. D) None of the above.arrow_forwardDraw a phylogenythat accurately portrays the evolutionary relationships among the organisms listed. Each organism listed should be at the tip of a branch on the tree. Use the internet to discover what type of organisms they are, and refer to the textbook and course notes as you determine the relationships among these organisms. Label the phylogeny with each of the 6 species listed and write on the tree where the following derived traits evolved: specialized tissues, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, deuterostomy, protostomy, and ecdysozoan cuticle (the need for an animal to molt in order to grow). Anthopleura xanthogrammica Giant Green Anemone Chondrocladia lyra. harp sponge Diadema antillarum black sea urchin Euphasia superba. Antarctic krill Phrynosoma cornutum. horny toad Taenia saginata. beef tapewormarrow_forward
- In the late 1800s, a biologist studying animal embryos coined the phrase “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny,” meaning that the physical development of an animal embryo (ontogeny) seemed to retrace the changing form of the species during its evolutionary history (phylogeny). Why would embryonic development retrace evolutionary steps?arrow_forwardWith improving technology, acquiring DNAsequences from different organisms becomeseasier each year. With that in mind, some authors(e.g., Scotland et al. 2003, Systematic Biology52 [4]: 539–548) have suggested that the use ofmorphological data is less important than DNAsequence data and have called for less emphasison the use of comparative morphology in building phylogenies. Other authors maintain thatdespite the explosion of molecular data available, morphology still has an important role inphylogenetics (for examples, see Wiens 2004,Systematic Biology 53 [4]: 653–661 and Will andRubinoff 2004, Cladistics 20 [1]: 47–55). Whatare the reasons for and against using morphological data in phylogenetic reconstruction?When might morphological data be especiallyimportant?arrow_forwardRefer to figure 13.25 and the chapter content to answer the followingquestions.1. Review the Survey the Landscape figure in the chapter introduction.What diagrams do scientists use to visualize evolutionaryrelationships? Add this term to the concept map. 2. Write a phrase to connect fossils and biogeography and a separatephrase to connect development and DNA. 3. Add the following terms to this concept map: homologous structures,vestigial structures, homeotic genes, and molecular clock.arrow_forward
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