Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The electron donor and acceptor species, and the overall voltage of the given biological reaction are to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Oxidation is the addition of an electronegative element or the removal of an electropositive element in a
Reduction is the addition of an electropositive element or the removal of an electronegative element in a chemical reaction.
The chemical reaction in which oxidation process and reduction process takes place and reduction take place simultaneously is called a
Cytochromes are the types of proteins that consist of iron as the heme group.
The
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Bundle: Biochemistry, Loose-leaf Version, 9th + Owlv2,1 Term Printed Access Card
- MATHEMATICAL If a reaction can be written AB, and the G is 20kJmol1, what would the substrate/product ratio have to be for the reaction to be thermodynamically favorable?arrow_forwardMATHEMATICAL Using the information in Table 20.2, calculate G for the following reaction: 2Cytaa3[oxidized;Fe(III)]+2Cytb[reduced;Fe(II)]2Cytaa3[reduced;Fe(II)]+2Cytb[oxidized;Fe(III)]arrow_forwardMATHEMATICAL For an enzyme that displays MichaelisMenten kinetics, what is the reaction velocity, V (as a percentage of Vmax), observed at the following values? (a) [S]=KM (b) [S]=0.5KM (c) [S]=0.1KM (d) [S]=2KM (e) [S]=10KMarrow_forward
- MATHEMATICAL Consider the reaction AB+C, where G=0.00. (a) What is the value of G (not G) when the initial concentrations of A, B, and C are 1 M, 103M,and106M? (b) Try the same calculations for the reaction D+EF, for the same relative order of concentrations. (c) Try the same calculations for the reaction GH, if the concentrations are 1Mand103M for G and H, respectively.arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY Two biochemistry students are about to use mitochondria isolated from rat liver for an experiment on oxidative phosphorylation. The directions for the experiment specify addition of purified cytochrome c from any source to the reaction mixture. Why is the added cytochrome c needed? Why does the source not have to be the same as that of the mitochondria?arrow_forwardMATHEMATICAL Calculate the ATP yield for the complete oxidation of one molecule of palmitic acid (16 carbons). How does this figure differ from that obtained for stearic acid (18 carbons)?arrow_forward
- REFLECT AND APPLY The malate-aspartate shuttle yields about 2.5 moles of ATP for each mole of cytosolic NADH. Why does nature use the glycerol-phosphate shuttle, which yields only about 1.5 moles of ATP?arrow_forwardMATHEMATICAL Determine the values of KM and Vmax for the decarboxylation of a -keto acid given the following data. substrateconcentration(molL1)Velocity(mMmin1)2.5001.0000.7140.5260.2500.5880.5000.4170.3700.256arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY Show how the reactions of the electron transport chain differ from those in Question 3 when FADH2 is the starting point for electron transport. Show how the reactions that liberate enough energy to drive the phosphorylation of ADP differ from the pathway when NADH is the starting point.arrow_forward
- REFLECT AND APPLY A model is proposed to explain the reaction catalyzed by an enzyme. Experimentally obtained rate data fit the model to within experimental error. Do these findings prove the model?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY The following half reactions play important roles in metabolism. 1/2O2+2H++2eH2ONADH+H+NAD++2H++2e Which of these two is a half reaction of oxidation? Which one is a half reaction of reduction? Write the equation for the overall re- action. Which reagent is the oxidizing agent (electron acceptor)? Which reagent is the reducing agent (electron donor)?arrow_forwardMATHEMATICAL What is the [CH3COO]/[CH3COOH] ratio in an acetate buffer at pH 4.00?arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305961135Author:Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougalPublisher:Cengage Learning