The gasoline engine in your car can be modeled as the Otto
cycle shown in FIGURE CP21.73. A fuel-air mixture is sprayed into
the cylinder at point l, where the piston is at its farthest distance
from the spark plug. This mixture is compressed as the piston
moves toward the spark plug during the adiabatic compression
stroke. The spark plug fires at point 2, releasing heat energy that
had been stored in the gasoline. The fuel burns so quickly that the
piston doesn't have time to move, so the heating is an isochoric
process. The hot, high-pressure gas then pushes the piston out-
ward during the power stroke. Finally, an exhaust value opens to
allow the gas temperature and pressure to drop back to their initial
values before starting the cycle over again.
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Chapter 21 Solutions
Physics For Scientists And Engineers Format: Kit/package/shrinkwrap
- Of the following, which is not a statement of the second law of thermodynamics? (a) No heat engine operating in a cycle can absorb energy from a reservoir and use it entirely to do work, (b) No real engine operating between two energy reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same two reservoirs, (c) When a system undergoes a change in state, the change in the internal energy of the system is the sum of the energy transferred to the system by heat and the work done on the system, (d) The entropy of the Universe increases in all natural processes, (e) Energy will not spontaneously transfer by heat from a cold object to a hot object.arrow_forwardTrue or False: The entropy change in an adiabatic process must be zero because Q = 0.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true for the entropy change of a system that undergoes a reversible, adiabatic process? (a) S 0 (b) S = 0 (c) S 0arrow_forward
- Consider these scenarios and state whether work is done by the system on the environment (SE) or by the environment on the system (ES): (a) opening a carbonated beverage; (b) filling a flat tire; (c) a sealed empty gas can expands on a hot day, bowing out the walls.arrow_forwardA Carnot engine has an efficiency of 0.60. When the temperature of its cold reservoir the efficiency drops to 0.55. If initially Tc=27, determine (a) the constant value of Th and (b) the final value of Tc.arrow_forward(a) Ten grams of H2O stats as ice at 0 . The ice absorbs heat from the air (just above 0 ) until all of it melts. Calculate the entropy change of the H2O, of the air, and of the universe. (b) Suppose that the air in part (a) is at 20 rather than 0 and that the ice absorbs heat until it becomes water at 20 . Calculate the entropy change of the H2O, of the air, and of the universe. (c) Is either of these processes reversible?arrow_forward
- A Carnot engine operates in a Carnot cycle between a heat source at 550 and a heat sink at 20 . Find the efficiency of the Carnot engine.arrow_forwardConsider cyclic processes completely characterized by each of the following net energy inputs and outputs. In each case, the energy transfers listed are the only ones occurring. Classify each process as (a) possible, (b) impossible according to the first law of thermodynamics, (c) impossible according to the second law of thermodynamics, or (d) impossible according to both the first and second laws. (i) Input is 5 J of work, and output is 4 J of work. (ii) Input is 5 J of work, and output is 5 J of energy transferred by heat. (iii) Input is 5 J of energy transferred by electrical transmission, and output is 6 J of work. (iv) Input is 5 J of energy transferred by heat, and output is 5 J of energy transferred by heat. (v) Input is 5 J of energy transferred by heat, and output is 5 J of work. (vi) Input is 5 J of energy transferred by heat, and output is 3 J of work plus 2 J of energy transferred by heat.arrow_forward
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