Introduction to Algorithms
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780262033848
Author: Thomas H. Cormen, Ronald L. Rivest, Charles E. Leiserson, Clifford Stein
Publisher: MIT Press
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Chapter 21.4, Problem 4E
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To provide simple proof on a disjoint set forest with union by rank but without path compression run in
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- (a) Assume that we ran DFS on a digraph G, and obtained a directed spanning forest F. We are interested in the set R of vertices reachable from a given fixed vertex a ∈V (G). (i) Show in general R cannot be obtained from F. (ii) How must we modify the operation of DFS on G, so that we can obtain R from F? Also explain how to obtain R.arrow_forwardConsider the array t = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 0 , 7, 6] of size n = 9, . a) Draw the complete tree representation for t. b) What is the index of the first leaf of the tree in Part a (in level order)? In general, give a formula for the index of the first leaf in the corresponding complete binary tree for an arbitrary array of size n. c) Redraw the tree from Part a after each call to fixheap, in Phase 1 of heapsort. Remember, the final tree obtained will be a maxheap. d) Now, starting with the final tree obtained in Part c, redraw the tree after each call to fixheap in Phase 2 of heap sort. For each tree, only include the elements from index 0 to index right (since the other elements are no longer considered part of the tree). e) For the given array t, how many calls to fixheap were made in Phase 1? How many calls to fixheap were made in Phase 2? f) In general , give a formula for the total number of calls to fixheap in Phase 1, when heapsort is given an arbitrary array of size n. Justify…arrow_forwardConsider this visualization of disjoint sets:a. What does find (20) return? b. What does find (18) return? c. In your own words, explain the differences between union by size and union by height in disjoint set implementations. Use the above illustration if it would help you answer this question better d. Now Suppose we call Find(12) and we are using path compression. Which links change, and what do they change to once compression is complete?arrow_forward
- Hey, Kruskal's algorithm can return different spanning trees for the input Graph G.Show that for every minimal spanning tree T of G, there is an execution of the algorithm that gives T as a result. How can i do that? Thank you in advance!arrow_forwardLet G = (V, E) be a connected, undirected graph, and let s be a fixed vertex in G. Let TB be the spanning tree of G found by a bread first search starting from s, and similarly TD the spanning tree found by depth first search, also starting at s. (As in problem 1, these trees are just sets of edges; the order in which they were traversed by the respective algorithms is irrelevant.) Using facts, prove that TB = TD if and only if TB = TD = E, i.e., G is itself a tree.arrow_forwardIn order to test connectivity, Python code uses the function Connectivity Undirected, which then calls the BFS algorithm, which returns a list of visited vertices and sorts them as shown below. The connectivity is then calculated by comparing this list to every node in the network in the main function. Be aware that in order to match the visited vertices with the sorted array of vertices, we must first sort the visited vertices. However, ordering can be avoided if sets are used in place of lists.arrow_forward
- You are given a graph G = (V, E) with positive edge weights, and a minimum spanning tree T = (V, E') with respect to these weights; you may assume G and T are given as adjacency lists. Now suppose the weight of a particular edge e in E is modified from w(e) to a new value w̃(e). You wish to quickly update the minimum spanning tree T to reflect this change, without recomputing the entire tree from scratch. There are four cases. In each case give a linear-time algorithm for updating the tree. Note, you are given the tree T and the edge e = (y, z) whose weight is changed; you are told its old weight w(e) and its new weight w~(e) (which you type in latex by widetilde{w}(e) surrounded by double dollar signs). In each case specify if the tree might change. And if it might change then give an algorithm to find the weight of the possibly new MST (just return the weight or the MST, whatever's easier). You can use the algorithms DFS, Explore, BFS, Dijkstra's, SCC, Topological Sort as…arrow_forwardKruskal's algorithm can return different spanning trees for the same input G. Use task part 1 to show that there is only one minimum spanning tree for a graph in which all the edge weights are different. Does the inverse also hold? Part 1 was: Show that for each minimal spanning tree T of G, there is an execution of the algorithm that returns T as a result.arrow_forwardGiven an undirected weighted graph G with n nodes and m edges, and we have used Prim’s algorithm to construct a minimum spanning tree T. Suppose the weight of one of the tree edge ((u, v) ∈ T) is changed from w to w′, design an algorithm to verify whether T is still a minimum spanning tree. Your algorithm should run in O(m) time, and explain why your algorithm is correct. You can assume all the weights are distinct. (Hint: When an edge is removed, nodes of T will break into two groups. Which edge should we choose in the cut of these two groups?)arrow_forward
- Draw the portion of the state space tree generated by LCBB for the following instances. n = 4, m = 15, (P₁, ..., P) = (10, 10, 12, 18) (w₁,..... W 4) = (2, 4, 6, 9).arrow_forward1. Input: An undirected weighted graph G = (V, E, w)2. Output: An MST T = (V, E) of G3. T ← Ø4. Sort edges of G in non-increasing order and place them in a queue Q.5. repeat6. Remove the first edge (u, v) from Q and add it to T if it does not form a cyclewith the edges edge that are already included in T .7. until there are n − 1 edges in T .We can use union-find data structure to find whether the two endpoints of theselected edge are in the same set (the current MST fragment). It can be shown thatthis algorithm is correct and has a time complexity of O(m log n) [1].Give Python Implementation of algoarrow_forwardImplement the following algorithm for connectivity of undirected graphs and produce the attached output.(Both algorithm and output attached below)arrow_forward
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