Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations and Connections
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781133939146
Author: Katz, Debora M.
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 22.7, Problem 22.4CE
You have considerable intuition about whether some process increases or decreases the entropy of the Universe. Just imagine watching the process in reverse. If it doesn’t make sense in reverse, entropy must have increased. This test isn’t always foolproof: some process may seem reversible, but the entropy of the Universe still increases. Use your intuition to decide whether the entropy of the Universe increases during the following processes:
- a. A car crashes into a brick wall.
- b. An ice cube floating in a large cup of water melts.
- c. A puddle of water freezes to ice slowly.
- d. The frozen puddle of water melts slowly.
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Chapter 22 Solutions
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations and Connections
Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 22.1CECh. 22.4 - Prob. 22.2CECh. 22.5 - Prob. 22.3CECh. 22.7 - You have considerable intuition about whether some...Ch. 22.9 - Prob. 22.5CECh. 22 - Prob. 1PQCh. 22 - Heat Engines Figure P22.2 shows a Carnot cycle....Ch. 22 - Use a PV diagram such as the one in Figure 22.2...Ch. 22 - Prob. 4PQCh. 22 - Prob. 5PQ
Ch. 22 - Prob. 6PQCh. 22 - An engine with an efficiency of 0.36 can supply a...Ch. 22 - Prob. 8PQCh. 22 - Prob. 9PQCh. 22 - Prob. 10PQCh. 22 - Prob. 11PQCh. 22 - Prob. 12PQCh. 22 - Prob. 13PQCh. 22 - Prob. 14PQCh. 22 - Prob. 15PQCh. 22 - Prob. 16PQCh. 22 - Prob. 17PQCh. 22 - Prob. 18PQCh. 22 - Prob. 19PQCh. 22 - Prob. 20PQCh. 22 - Prob. 21PQCh. 22 - In 1816, Robert Stirling, a Scottish minister,...Ch. 22 - Prob. 23PQCh. 22 - Prob. 24PQCh. 22 - Prob. 25PQCh. 22 - Prob. 26PQCh. 22 - Prob. 27PQCh. 22 - Prob. 28PQCh. 22 - Prob. 29PQCh. 22 - Prob. 30PQCh. 22 - Prob. 31PQCh. 22 - Prob. 32PQCh. 22 - Prob. 33PQCh. 22 - Prob. 34PQCh. 22 - Prob. 35PQCh. 22 - Estimate the change in entropy of the Universe if...Ch. 22 - Prob. 37PQCh. 22 - Prob. 38PQCh. 22 - Prob. 39PQCh. 22 - Prob. 40PQCh. 22 - Prob. 41PQCh. 22 - Prob. 42PQCh. 22 - Prob. 43PQCh. 22 - Prob. 44PQCh. 22 - Prob. 45PQCh. 22 - Prob. 46PQCh. 22 - Prob. 47PQCh. 22 - Prob. 48PQCh. 22 - Prob. 49PQCh. 22 - Prob. 50PQCh. 22 - Prob. 51PQCh. 22 - Prob. 52PQCh. 22 - Prob. 53PQCh. 22 - Prob. 54PQCh. 22 - Prob. 55PQCh. 22 - Prob. 56PQCh. 22 - What is the entropy of a freshly shuffled deck of...Ch. 22 - Prob. 58PQCh. 22 - Prob. 59PQCh. 22 - Prob. 60PQCh. 22 - Prob. 61PQCh. 22 - Prob. 62PQCh. 22 - Prob. 63PQCh. 22 - Prob. 64PQCh. 22 - Prob. 65PQCh. 22 - Prob. 66PQCh. 22 - Prob. 67PQCh. 22 - Prob. 68PQCh. 22 - Prob. 69PQCh. 22 - Prob. 70PQCh. 22 - A system consisting of 10.0 g of water at a...Ch. 22 - Prob. 72PQCh. 22 - Figure P22.73 illustrates the cycle ABCA for a...Ch. 22 - Prob. 74PQCh. 22 - Prob. 75PQCh. 22 - Prob. 76PQCh. 22 - Prob. 77PQCh. 22 - Prob. 78PQCh. 22 - Prob. 79PQCh. 22 - Prob. 80PQCh. 22 - Prob. 81PQ
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- (a) On a winter day, a certain house loses 5.00108J of heat to the outside (about 500,000 Btu). What is the total change in entropy due to this heat transfer alone, assuming an average indoor temperature of 21.0C and an average outdoor temperature of 5.00C ? (b) This large change in entropy implies a large amount of energy has become unavailable to do work. Where do we find more energy when such energy is lost to us?arrow_forward(a) What is the change in entropy if you start with 10 coins in the 5 heads and 5 tails macrostate, toss them, and get 2 heads and 8 tails? (b) How much more likely is 5 heads and 5 tails than 2 heads and 8 tails? (Take the ratio of the number of microstates to find out.) (c) If you were betting on 2 heads and 8 tails would you accept odds of 252 to 45? Explain Why or why not. Table 15.5 10Coin Toss MacrostateNumber of Microstates (W) Heads Tails 10 0 1 9 1 10 8 2 45 7 3 120 6 4 210 5 5 252 4 6 210 3 7 120 2 8 45 1 9 10 0 10 1 Total: 1024arrow_forwardA system consisting of n moles of an ideal gas with molar specific heat at constant pressure Cr undergoes two reversible processes. It starts with pressure Pi and volume Vi, expands isothermally, and then contracts adiabatically to reach a final state with pressure Pi and volume 3Vi. (a) Find its change in entropy in the isothermal process. (The entropy does not change in the adiabatic process.) (b) What If? Explain why the answer to part (a) must be the same as the answer to Problem 46. (You do not need to solve Problem 46 to answer this question.)arrow_forward
- (a) In reaching equilibrium, how much heat transfer occurs from 1.00 kg of water at 40.0C when it is placed in contact with 1.00 kg of 20.0C water in reaching equilibrium? (b) What is the change in entropy due to this heat transfer? (c) How much work is made unavailable, taking the lowest temperature to be 20.0C ? Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategies for Entropy.arrow_forward(a) Prepare a table like Table 18.1 for the following occurrence. You toss four coins into the air simultaneously and then record the results of your tosses in terms of the numbers of heads (H) and tails (T) that result. For example, HHTH and HTHH are two possible ways in which three heads and one tail can be achieved. (b) On the basis of your table, what is the most probable result recorded for a toss? In terms of entropy, (c) what is the most ordered macrostate, and (d) what is the most disordered?arrow_forwardA large electrical power station generates 1000 MW of electricity with an efficiency of 35.0%. (a) Calculate the heat transfer to the power station, Qh, in one day. (b) How much heat transfer Qc occurs to the environment in one day? (c) If the heat transfer in the cooling towers is from 35.0C water into the local air mass, which increases in temperature from 18.0C to 20.0C, what is the total increase in entropy due to this heat transfer? (d) How much energy becomes unavailable to do work because of this increase in entropy, assuming an 18.0C lowest temperature? (Part of Qccould be utilized to operate heat engines or far simply heating the surroundings, but it rarely is.)arrow_forward
- Objects A and B with TA TB are placed in thermal contact and come to equilibrium. (a) For which object does the entropy increase? (b) For which object does the entropy decrease? (c) Which object has the greater magnitude of entropy change?arrow_forwardA 65-g ice cube is initially at 0.0C. (a) Find the change in entropy of the cube after it melts completely at 0.0C. (b) What is the change in entropy of the environment in this process? Hint: The latent heat of fusion for water is 3.33 105 J/kg.arrow_forward(a) How much heat transfer occurs from 20.0 kg of 90.0C water placed in contact with 20.0 kg of 10.0C water, producing a final temperature of 50.0C ? (b) How much work could a Carnot engine do with this heat transfer, assuming it operates between two reservoirs at constant temperatures of 90.0C and 10.0C ? (c) What increase in entropy is produced by mixing 20.0 kg of 90.0C water with 20.0 kg of 10.0C water? (d) Calculate the amount of work made unavailable by this mixing using a low temperature of 10.0C, and compare it with the work done by the Garnet engine. Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategies for Entropy. (e) Discuss how everyday processes make increasingly more energy unavailable to do work, as implied by this problem.arrow_forward
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