Chapter 23, Problem 2CTQ

(a)

Summary Introduction

To describe:

The diversity of microbes being identified in urine today and explain why previous studies did not detect the microbes in the past.

Concept Introduction:

There are many organisms present in urine, which adhere to the epithelial lining of the cells. They have fimbriae on their surface, which attach to the outer layering of organs and cause infection inside the urinary tract. The examples include Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Fuseobacteria.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To describe:

ExPEC strains of E.coli are able to cause disease at a site distant from the area of the body they normally colonize.

Concept Introduction:

Extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) are gram negative and cause urinary tract infections inside the human body. There are various proteins and oligosaccharide antigens present on the surface of the bacteria like O antigens, which cause the activation of immune response inside the cell.