COLLEGE PHYSICS:STRATEGIC APPR.W/ACCESS
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781323844717
Author: KNIGHT&JONES
Publisher: PEARSON C
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Textbook Question
Chapter 23, Problem 55P
A myelinated axon
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A myelinated axon conducts nerve impulses at a speed of 40 m/s. What is the signal speed if the thickness of the myelin sheath is halved but no other changes are made to the axon?
Assume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed × pulse duration = 50.0 m/s × 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K+ ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = ??0A/d and Q = CΔV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d = 1.1 ✕ 10−8 m, axon radius r = 2.0 ✕ 101 ?m, and cell-wall dielectric constant ? = 2.7.
A diagram shows a collection of positive and negative charges in and around an axon. The diagram is divided into three sections, one on top of the other.
The top section is labeled "External fluid". A row of positive charges labeled "Positive charge layer" lies along the bottom side of this section. Above the row of positive charges, there is an even mixture of…
Calculate the capacitance of the myelinated neuron membrane (axon), if its thickness is 0.8 micrometres (um) using a value of area of 10-6 m2. The membrane wall is mainly lipids and you will need to find the value of the permittivity in your notes.
Give your answer in picoFarads (10-12 F)
NB 1um = 10-6 m
Chapter 23 Solutions
COLLEGE PHYSICS:STRATEGIC APPR.W/ACCESS
Ch. 23 - Prob. 1CQCh. 23 - Prob. 2CQCh. 23 - Current Iin flows into three resistors connected...Ch. 23 - The circuit in Figure Q23.4 has two resistors,...Ch. 23 - The circuit in Figure Q23.5 has a battery and two...Ch. 23 - Prob. 6CQCh. 23 - Prob. 7CQCh. 23 - In the circuit shown in Figure Q23.6, bulbs A and...Ch. 23 - Figure Q23.7 shows two circuits. The two batteries...Ch. 23 - Figure Q23.8 shows two circuits. The two batteries...
Ch. 23 - a. In Figure Q23.9, what fraction of current I...Ch. 23 - Prob. 12CQCh. 23 - Prob. 13CQCh. 23 - Prob. 14CQCh. 23 - Prob. 15CQCh. 23 - Prob. 16CQCh. 23 - Prob. 17CQCh. 23 - Prob. 18CQCh. 23 - Prob. 19CQCh. 23 - Prob. 20CQCh. 23 - Prob. 21CQCh. 23 - Prob. 22CQCh. 23 - Prob. 23CQCh. 23 - Prob. 24CQCh. 23 - Prob. 25CQCh. 23 - Prob. 26CQCh. 23 - Prob. 27CQCh. 23 - Prob. 28CQCh. 23 - Prob. 29CQCh. 23 - A device to make an electrical measurement of skin...Ch. 23 - Consider the model of nerve conduction in...Ch. 23 - Adding a myelin sheath to an axon results in...Ch. 23 - Prob. 34MCQCh. 23 - Prob. 35MCQCh. 23 - Prob. 36MCQCh. 23 - A metal wire of resistance R is cut into two...Ch. 23 - Prob. 38MCQCh. 23 - Prob. 39MCQCh. 23 - If a cells membrane thickness doubles but the cell...Ch. 23 - If a cells diameter is reduced by 50% without...Ch. 23 - Prob. 42MCQCh. 23 - Draw a circuit diagram tor the circuit of Figure...Ch. 23 - Draw a circuit diagram for the circuit of Figure...Ch. 23 - Draw a circuit diagram for the circuit of Figure...Ch. 23 - In Figure P23.4, what is the current in the wire...Ch. 23 - Prob. 5PCh. 23 - Prob. 6PCh. 23 - a. What are the magnitude and direction of the...Ch. 23 - Prob. 8PCh. 23 - The current in a circuit with only one battery is...Ch. 23 - What is the equivalent resistance of each group of...Ch. 23 - What is the equivalent resistance of each group of...Ch. 23 - Prob. 12PCh. 23 - Prob. 13PCh. 23 - You have a collection of 1.0 k resistors. How can...Ch. 23 - You have a collection of six 1.0 k resistors. What...Ch. 23 - You have six 1.0 k resistors. How can you connect...Ch. 23 - Prob. 17PCh. 23 - Prob. 18PCh. 23 - Prob. 19PCh. 23 - Prob. 20PCh. 23 - Prob. 21PCh. 23 - Prob. 22PCh. 23 - Prob. 23PCh. 23 - Prob. 24PCh. 23 - Prob. 25PCh. 23 - Prob. 26PCh. 23 - Prob. 27PCh. 23 - Prob. 28PCh. 23 - Prob. 29PCh. 23 - Prob. 30PCh. 23 - Prob. 31PCh. 23 - Prob. 32PCh. 23 - Prob. 33PCh. 23 - Prob. 34PCh. 23 - Prob. 35PCh. 23 - A 6.0 F capacitor, a 10 F capacitor, and a 16 F...Ch. 23 - A 6.0 F capacitor, a 10 F capacitor, and a 16 F...Ch. 23 - You need a capacitance of 50 F, but you dont...Ch. 23 - You need a capacitance of 50 F, but you dont...Ch. 23 - Prob. 40PCh. 23 - Prob. 41PCh. 23 - Prob. 42PCh. 23 - Prob. 43PCh. 23 - Prob. 44PCh. 23 - Prob. 45PCh. 23 - Prob. 46PCh. 23 - A 10F capacitor initially charged to 20C is...Ch. 23 - A capacitor charging circuit consists of a...Ch. 23 - Prob. 49PCh. 23 - A 9.0-nm-thick cell membrane undergoes an action...Ch. 23 - A cell membrane has a resistance and a capacitance...Ch. 23 - Changing the thickness of the myelin sheath...Ch. 23 - A particular myelinated axon has nodes spaced 0.80...Ch. 23 - To measure signal propagation in a nerve in the...Ch. 23 - A myelinated axon conducts nerve impulses at a...Ch. 23 - Prob. 56GPCh. 23 - Two 75 W (120 V) lightbulbs are wired in series,...Ch. 23 - Prob. 58GPCh. 23 - A real battery is not just an emf. We can If model...Ch. 23 - Prob. 60GPCh. 23 - Batteries are recharged by connecting them to a...Ch. 23 - Prob. 63GPCh. 23 - Prob. 64GPCh. 23 - Prob. 65GPCh. 23 - Prob. 66GPCh. 23 - What is the ratio P parallel/P series of the total...Ch. 23 - You have a device that needs a voltage reference...Ch. 23 - Prob. 69GPCh. 23 - A circuit youre building needs an ammeter that...Ch. 23 - A circuit youre building needs a voltmeter that...Ch. 23 - For the circuit shown in Figure P23.68, find the...Ch. 23 - You have three 12 F capacitors. Draw diagrams...Ch. 23 - Initially, the switch in Figure P23.70 is in...Ch. 23 - Prob. 75GPCh. 23 - Prob. 76GPCh. 23 - Prob. 77GPCh. 23 - Prob. 78GPCh. 23 - Prob. 79GPCh. 23 - Prob. 80GPCh. 23 - Intermittent windshield wipers use a variable...Ch. 23 - Prob. 82GPCh. 23 - In Example 23.14 we estimated the capacitance of...Ch. 23 - The giant axon of a squid is 0.5 mm in diameter,...Ch. 23 - A cell has a 7.0-nm-thick membrane with a total...Ch. 23 - The Defibrillator A defibrillator is designed to...Ch. 23 - The Defibrillator A defibrillator is designed to...Ch. 23 - The Defibrillator A defibrillator is designed to...Ch. 23 - A defibrillator is designed to pass a large...Ch. 23 - The voltage produced by a single nerve or muscle...Ch. 23 - The voltage produced by a single nerve or muscle...Ch. 23 - The voltage produced by a single nerve or muscle...Ch. 23 - The voltage produced by a single nerve or muscle...
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- Assume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed pulse duration = 50.0 m/s 2.0 103 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K+ ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in Figure P18.43. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = 0A/d and Q = C V to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d = 1.0 108 m, axon radius r = 1.0 101 m, and cell-wall dielectric constant = 3.0. (a) Calculate the positive charge on the outside of a 0.10-m piece of axon when it is not conducting an electric pulse. How many K+ ions are on the outside of the axon assuming an initial potential difference of 7.0 102 V? Is this a large charge per unit area? Hint: Calculate the charge per unit area in terms of electronic charge e per squared (2). An atom has a cross section of about 1 2 (1 = 1010 m). (b) How much positive charge must flow through the cell membrane to reach the excited state of + 3.0 102 V from the resting state of 7.0 102 V? How many sodium ions (Na+) is this? (c) If it takes 2.0 ms for the Na+ ions to enter the axon, what is the average current in the axon wall in this process? (d) How much energy does it take to raise the potential of the inner axon wall to + 3.0 102 V, starting from the resting potential of 7.0 102 V? Figure P18.43 Problem 43 and 44.arrow_forwardA particular myelinated axon has nodes spaced 0.80 mm apart. The resistance between nodes is 20 MΩ; the capacitance of each insulated segment is 1.2 pF. What is the conduction speed of a nerve impulse along this axon?arrow_forwardThe giant axon of a squid is 0.5 mm in diameter, 10 cm long, and not myelinated. Unmyelinated cell membranes behave as capacitors with 1 μF of capacitance per square centimeter of membrane area. When the axon is charged to the -70 mV resting potential, what is the energy stored in this capacitance?arrow_forward
- Consider the model of the axon as a capacitor from Figure P18.43. (a) How much energy doesit take to restore the inner wall of the axon to -7.0 x 10-2 V,starting from +3.0 x 10-2 V? (b) Find the average current inthe axon wall during this process.arrow_forwardVoltage across the resting membrane potential…A) Can be described by the Nernst equation.B) Is established by a difference in charges across the cell membrane, with the outside more negative than the inside.C) Defines the driving force for flow of a particular ion across the cell membrane, given its equilibrium potentialD) Is equally dependent on the flow of potassium and sodium ions through leak channels across the cell membrane.E) Stays the same during an action potential.arrow_forwardWhat is the magnitude of the electric field in unite of N/C across an axon membrane (1.00x10^0)x10-8 m thick if the resting potential is -(7.400x10^1) mV?arrow_forward
- What is the magnitude of the electric field across an axon membrane 1.2×10−8 m thick if the resting potential is -70 mV ?arrow_forwardIn a typical mammalian cell, the net transport by the sodiumpotassium exchange pump that maintains the 70 mV membrane potential is 500 singly charged ions per second. How much work does the pump do each second?arrow_forwardIn Example 23.14 we estimated the capacitance of the cell membrane to be 89 pF, and in Example 23.15 we found that approximately 10,000 Na+ ions flow through an ion channel when it opens. Based on this information and what you learned about the action potential, estimate the total number of sodium channels in the membrane of a nerve cell.arrow_forward
- The speed of propagation of the action potential (anelectrical signal) in a nerve cell depends (inversely) on thediameter of the axon (nerve fiber). If the nerve cell connectingthe spinal cord to your feet is 1.1 m long, and the nerveimpulse speed is 18 m/s, how long does it take for the nervesignal to travel this distance?arrow_forward(II) A neuron is stimulated with an electric pulse. The actionpotential is detected at a point 3.70 cm down the axon0.0052 s later. When the action potential is detected 7.20 cmfrom the point of stimulation, the time required is 0.0063 s.What is the speed of the electric pulse along the axon? (Whyare two measurements needed instead of only one?)arrow_forwardCalculate the capacitance per unit area (F/m2) of the non-myelinated neuron membrane, if its thickness is 6 nanometres (nm). The membrane wall is mainly lipids and you will need to find the value of the permittivity in your notes.arrow_forward
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