a.
To design: A reflex map with feedback loops for hypercortisolism caused by an adrenal tumor.
Introduction: The main causes of hypercortisolism are an adrenal tumor, pituitary tumor, and excess secretion of cortisol.
b.
To design: A reflex map with feedback loops for hypercortisolism caused by a pituitary tumor.
Introduction: Hypercortisolism caused by a pituitary tumor is known as secondary hypercortisolism.
c.
To design: A reflex map with feedback loops for hyperthyroidism caused by a thyroid tumor.
Introduction: Hyperthyroidism refers to a condition in which an individual’s thyroid gland secretes too much thyroid hormone.
(d)
To design: A reflex map with feedback loops for hypothyroidism caused due to a pituitary problem.
Introduction: The failure of the pituitary gland to secrete TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) causes secondary hypothyroidism.
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Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
- Describe the “adrenaline rush” pathway during short-term stress. Identify the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla. What are the target organs of each hormone and the effects of each hormone on their target organs? What is the stimulus for an adrenaline rush?arrow_forwardDuring exercise, how does sympathetic nervous systemactivity regulate blood glucose levels? Name fivehormones that interact to ensure that the brain and themuscles have adequate energy sources during exercise,and explain the role of each.arrow_forwardInsulin A. What are the Mechanism of action and the receptor typesB.The physiological function of the substance through C.a .Discuss the biosynthesis and metabolism of the substance and also discuss the control of release of the endogenous substancearrow_forward
- Describe how plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine concentrations change during exercise and stress. What causes the changes in the concentrations of the hormones?arrow_forwardExplain how ACTH production is regulated and give a role of ACTHarrow_forwardExplain the concept of coordination in the context of endocrine system function. Differentiate exocrine from endocrine glands. Describe the roles of the hypothalamus, pituitary glands, target glands, and target organs. Enumerate the secretion of the hypothalamus and their functions. List the hormones secreted by the anterior and posteriors pituitary glands and their functions. Explain the hormonal secretion and their functions of the following: thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal (cortex and medulla), gonads (testis, ovaries), pancreas (beta and alpha cells), thymus, pineal glands. Describe the functions of hormones secreted by the following internal organs: heart, liver, kidney, stomach, small intestines, colon, and muscles Explain the concept of negative and positive feedback. Describe drugs that affect the endocrine system: thyroid replacement hormones, steroids, insulin. Give examples of nursing diagnosis that apply to issues of the endocrine system.arrow_forward
- Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hypothyroidism? a) Weight gain b) Bradycardia c) Heat intolerance d) Cold intolerancearrow_forwardProvide an example of a (primary) hypothyroidism disorder in an adult. Would you expect thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) to be increased or decreased with this disorder? Justify your response. Briefly outline the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism.arrow_forwardCompare and contrast formulation of long acting insulin and short acting insulin. How do their properties help control the rate at which the Delivered insulin enters bloodstream?arrow_forward
- Compare rapid-, short-, intermediate-, and long-acting insulins with regard to their onset of action, peak effects, and duration of actionarrow_forwardState two similarities between hormone and nerves with regard to their functionsarrow_forwardMetabolic rate is increased by the thyroid hormones and epinephrine. True or false?arrow_forward
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