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Concept explainers
To review:
The success of anticancerousprogramme against hepatitis B.
Introduction:
Hepatitis is an inflammatory problem of the liver, which can be caused by drugs, certain medical conditions, or by use ofalcohol. Hepatitis can be caused by hepatotropic viruses commonly called as hepatitis virus. Most common forms of hepatitis viruses are hepatitisA virus (HAV), B (HBV), C (HCV), D (HDV), and E (HEV). Infection of hepatitis can be occurred by viral hepatitis or nonviral hepatitis(drugs or toxins, and alcoholuse) cause livercirrhosis and hepaticcarcinoma.
Moreover, cancer can be caused by multiple factors such as radiations, defect at the molecularlevel, excess use of alcohol, infection by pathogenic strains (Helicobacter pylori, and Hepatitis B). Hepatitis B has a limited number of vaccines for adults and newborns, which preventhepatitis B and its harmful consequence that includes liver cancer and cirrhosis.
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Chapter 24 Solutions
Nester's Microbiology: A Human Perspective
- Which of the following best explains why vaccination of humans against rabies can be delayed until after exposure to a potential source of infection? A) Antibody responses are more rapid than those against other viruses B) T lymphocyte responses are more rapid than those against other viruses C) The virus does not infect any cells for several weeks or months D) The virus does not reach i target organ for several weeks or monthsarrow_forwardWhich one of the following is not correct? * a) Biocompatibility is the ability of a material to perform within an appropriate host response. b) Bioactivity is the characteristic that not allows the material to form a bond with living tissue c) Biodegradability is the breakdown of O the implant due to chemical or cellular interaction. O d) all of abovearrow_forwardWhich link in the chain of infection is the intervention described below meant to break? "N95 respirators reduce the wearer's exposure to airborne particles, from small particle aerosols to large droplets. N95 respirators are tight-fitting respirators that filter out at least 95% of particles in the air, including large and small particles." (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019- ncov/hcp/respirator-use-faq.html) Portal of entry Means of transmission O Infectious agent Susceptible hostarrow_forward
- Each year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publish a schedule of recommended vaccinations for infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Parents may refuse recommended vaccinations for their infant, child, or adolescent based on religious or philosophical beliefs or fears regarding the safety of vaccines. What ethical principles need to be considered when dealing with patients and their families who refuse recommended vaccines? How would you approach a parent who refuses the recommended vaccines for their 2-month old infant due to the fear that vaccines can cause autism?arrow_forward1) What factor(s) most likely account for the increase in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) over the past two decades? 2) What does the research say about the purported link between vaccines and ASDs? 3) Would you or would you not choose to have your child receive routine childhood vaccinations?arrow_forwardThe World Health Organization (WHO, 2017) haslisted six steps individualscan take to prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance. a.One of the recommendations is “Never demand antibiotics if your health worker says you don’t need them.”Explain why when you have a flu, your health care worker would say that you do not need antibiotics. What are the other five recommendations?arrow_forward
- Why is it helpful for scientists to use models to simulate the spread of a communicable disease?arrow_forwardHow would non-vaccination issues affect a nursing facility? Explain your rationale.arrow_forwardState the principle of vaccination. How can vaccines be used to prevent microbial infections? Write the name of the entity from which the hepatitis B vaccine is synthesized.arrow_forward
- e) Bats have been implicated as the source of many viruses against which humans have a difficult time mounting an effective immune response. Interestingly, flight plays an important role. i) Describe and explain i) the role that flight plays in creating these kinds of viruses, ii) how the viruses cross over into humans, and iii) why our immune response has a more difficult time mounting an effective response against themarrow_forwardLet’s say there are two closely related viruses, let’s call them Guernsey virus and Micro virus. These two viruses only infect epithelial cells. Their surface antigens are sufficiently similar that there are a number of shared epitopes between the two viruses. Choose one of the following: A) If you get infected and successfully recover from one virus, it’s quite possible that you’ll have neutralizing antibodies against the other. B) If you get infected and successfully recover from one virus, you’ll still be susceptible to the other one because the antigens aren’t exactly the same. C) If you get infected and successfully recover from one virus, it’s likely that getting infected with the other virus will be worse because of the common phenomena of antibody-dependent enhancement. D) Not enough information has been given.arrow_forwardAn epidemiological study of 500 men between the ages of 20 and 65 years of age revealed a correlation between an increased consumption of tomatoes and a lower incidence of prostate cancer. The results of this study do not prove that increased tomato consumption lowers the risk for prostate cancer because: A) The study shows a correlation between two factors that may or may not actually have an effect on each other. B) The study does not show how tomatoes lower prostate cancer risk. C) A single study cannot provide enough evidence to conclusively prove an effect. D) All of the above are valid reasons.arrow_forward
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