The role of symbiotic bacteria in reproductive isolation and in the origins of multicellular animals. Introduction: The phenotypic plasticity involves the interaction of numerous species with an expected population of symbionts. The transmission of symbionts through the germ line, acts as a second system of inheritance. The symbiotic microorganism changes more rapidly under the environmental stresses compare to multicellular organisms. According to Rosenberg et.al. (2007) microorganism confers great adaptive potential to the host genome by different modes compare to the host genome without symbionts. Symbiont also acts as a source of selectable variation, during the evolutionary course of time.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The role of symbiotic bacteria in reproductive isolation and in the origins of multicellular animals.

Introduction:

The phenotypic plasticity involves the interaction of numerous species with an expected population of symbionts. The transmission of symbionts through the germ line, acts as a second system of inheritance. The symbiotic microorganism changes more rapidly under the environmental stresses compare to multicellular organisms. According to Rosenberg et.al. (2007) microorganism confers great adaptive potential to the host genome by different modes compare to the host genome without symbionts. Symbiont also acts as a source of selectable variation, during the evolutionary course of time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The adaptive potential confers by the microorganism depends upon a number of different mechanism. The relative abundance of microorganisms which are associated with the host shows an efficient change during environmental pressures shift. The adaptive variation has a tendency to introduce new symbionts. The genomic change caused by the recombination or random mutation incorporate more rapidly in microbial symbiont comapre to the host. Probably their is a horizontal gene transfer occurs between the members of symbiotic community. Symbionts can cause the reproductive isolation, in this isolation interbreeding is prevented between the holobiont populations. The presence of microorganism in a species specially in the cytoplasm of the cell and absence in another, can prevent the formation of a viable hybrid. Data suggests that symbionts may cause the genetic incompatibility, and acts as a reproductive barrier.

The evolution of multicellularity is also associated with the symbionts. The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria-like organisms around 3-3.5 billion years ago. The cell organelles mitochondria and chloroplast also share a number of similarities with bacterial cells, indicate the origin of multicellular organism.

Conclusion

Thus it is concluded that symbiotic bacteria play an important role in reproductive isolation and also in the origins of multicellular animals as explained in the above section.

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Questions for Part 2 for Ken Burns The Gene: An Intimate History "Revolution in the Treatment of Disease" What was the Human Genome Project? When was it and give results. What inherit dangers go along with genetic engineering? What is genome sequencing? What makes viruses unique for genetic engineering? What happened with the first Gene Therapy Trials for OTC at the University of Pennsylvania? Why did it fail specifically? Describe Sickle Cell Disease and on what gene does the mutation reside? Explain the significance of the companion gene and the gene for sickle cell in gene therapy? What is CRISPR and how is it used? please answer 7,8 asap please

Questions for Part 2 for Ken Burns The Gene: An Intimate History "Revolution in the Treatment of Disease" What was the Human Genome Project? When was it and give results. What inherit dangers go along with genetic engineering? What is genome sequencing? What makes viruses unique for genetic engineering? What happened with the first Gene Therapy Trials for OTC at the University of Pennsylvania? Why did it fail specifically? Describe Sickle Cell Disease and on what gene does the mutation reside? Explain the significance of the companion gene and the gene for sickle cell in gene therapy? What is CRISPR and how is it used? pleaae answer 1,2,3 asap

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The role of symbiotic bacteria in reproductive isolation and in the origins of multicellular animals.

Introduction:

The phenotypic plasticity involves the interaction of numerous species with an expected population of symbionts. The transmission of symbionts through the germ line, acts as a second system of inheritance. The symbiotic microorganism changes more rapidly under the environmental stresses compare to multicellular organisms. According to Rosenberg et.al. (2007) microorganism confers great adaptive potential to the host genome by different modes compare to the host genome without symbionts. Symbiont also acts as a source of selectable variation, during the evolutionary course of time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The adaptive potential confers by the microorganism depends upon a number of different mechanism. The relative abundance of microorganisms which are associated with the host shows an efficient change during environmental pressures shift. The adaptive variation has a tendency to introduce new symbionts. The genomic change caused by the recombination or random mutation incorporate more rapidly in microbial symbiont comapre to the host. Probably their is a horizontal gene transfer occurs between the members of symbiotic community. Symbionts can cause the reproductive isolation, in this isolation interbreeding is prevented between the holobiont populations. The presence of microorganism in a species specially in the cytoplasm of the cell and absence in another, can prevent the formation of a viable hybrid. Data suggests that symbionts may cause the genetic incompatibility, and acts as a reproductive barrier.

The evolution of multicellularity is also associated with the symbionts. The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria-like organisms around 3-3.5 billion years ago. The cell organelles mitochondria and chloroplast also share a number of similarities with bacterial cells, indicate the origin of multicellular organism.

Conclusion

Thus it is concluded that symbiotic bacteria play an important role in reproductive isolation and also in the origins of multicellular animals as explained in the above section.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The role of symbiotic bacteria in reproductive isolation and in the origins of multicellular animals.

Introduction:

The phenotypic plasticity involves the interaction of numerous species with an expected population of symbionts. The transmission of symbionts through the germ line, acts as a second system of inheritance. The symbiotic microorganism changes more rapidly under the environmental stresses compare to multicellular organisms. According to Rosenberg et.al. (2007) microorganism confers great adaptive potential to the host genome by different modes compare to the host genome without symbionts. Symbiont also acts as a source of selectable variation, during the evolutionary course of time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The adaptive potential confers by the microorganism depends upon a number of different mechanism. The relative abundance of microorganisms which are associated with the host shows an efficient change during environmental pressures shift. The adaptive variation has a tendency to introduce new symbionts. The genomic change caused by the recombination or random mutation incorporate more rapidly in microbial symbiont comapre to the host. Probably their is a horizontal gene transfer occurs between the members of symbiotic community. Symbionts can cause the reproductive isolation, in this isolation interbreeding is prevented between the holobiont populations. The presence of microorganism in a species specially in the cytoplasm of the cell and absence in another, can prevent the formation of a viable hybrid. Data suggests that symbionts may cause the genetic incompatibility, and acts as a reproductive barrier.

The evolution of multicellularity is also associated with the symbionts. The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria-like organisms around 3-3.5 billion years ago. The cell organelles mitochondria and chloroplast also share a number of similarities with bacterial cells, indicate the origin of multicellular organism.

Conclusion

Thus it is concluded that symbiotic bacteria play an important role in reproductive isolation and also in the origins of multicellular animals as explained in the above section.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The role of symbiotic bacteria in reproductive isolation and in the origins of multicellular animals.

Introduction:

The phenotypic plasticity involves the interaction of numerous species with an expected population of symbionts. The transmission of symbionts through the germ line, acts as a second system of inheritance. The symbiotic microorganism changes more rapidly under the environmental stresses compare to multicellular organisms. According to Rosenberg et.al. (2007) microorganism confers great adaptive potential to the host genome by different modes compare to the host genome without symbionts. Symbiont also acts as a source of selectable variation, during the evolutionary course of time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The adaptive potential confers by the microorganism depends upon a number of different mechanism. The relative abundance of microorganisms which are associated with the host shows an efficient change during environmental pressures shift. The adaptive variation has a tendency to introduce new symbionts. The genomic change caused by the recombination or random mutation incorporate more rapidly in microbial symbiont comapre to the host. Probably their is a horizontal gene transfer occurs between the members of symbiotic community. Symbionts can cause the reproductive isolation, in this isolation interbreeding is prevented between the holobiont populations. The presence of microorganism in a species specially in the cytoplasm of the cell and absence in another, can prevent the formation of a viable hybrid. Data suggests that symbionts may cause the genetic incompatibility, and acts as a reproductive barrier.

The evolution of multicellularity is also associated with the symbionts. The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria-like organisms around 3-3.5 billion years ago. The cell organelles mitochondria and chloroplast also share a number of similarities with bacterial cells, indicate the origin of multicellular organism.

Conclusion

Thus it is concluded that symbiotic bacteria play an important role in reproductive isolation and also in the origins of multicellular animals as explained in the above section.

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Answer 5

Chapter 26, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The role of symbiotic bacteria in reproductive isolation and in the origins of multicellular animals.

Introduction:

The phenotypic plasticity involves the interaction of numerous species with an expected population of symbionts. The transmission of symbionts through the germ line, acts as a second system of inheritance. The symbiotic microorganism changes more rapidly under the environmental stresses compare to multicellular organisms. According to Rosenberg et.al. (2007) microorganism confers great adaptive potential to the host genome by different modes compare to the host genome without symbionts. Symbiont also acts as a source of selectable variation, during the evolutionary course of time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The adaptive potential confers by the microorganism depends upon a number of different mechanism. The relative abundance of microorganisms which are associated with the host shows an efficient change during environmental pressures shift. The adaptive variation has a tendency to introduce new symbionts. The genomic change caused by the recombination or random mutation incorporate more rapidly in microbial symbiont comapre to the host. Probably their is a horizontal gene transfer occurs between the members of symbiotic community. Symbionts can cause the reproductive isolation, in this isolation interbreeding is prevented between the holobiont populations. The presence of microorganism in a species specially in the cytoplasm of the cell and absence in another, can prevent the formation of a viable hybrid. Data suggests that symbionts may cause the genetic incompatibility, and acts as a reproductive barrier.

The evolution of multicellularity is also associated with the symbionts. The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria-like organisms around 3-3.5 billion years ago. The cell organelles mitochondria and chloroplast also share a number of similarities with bacterial cells, indicate the origin of multicellular organism.

Conclusion

Thus it is concluded that symbiotic bacteria play an important role in reproductive isolation and also in the origins of multicellular animals as explained in the above section.

Answer 6

Chapter 26, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The role of symbiotic bacteria in reproductive isolation and in the origins of multicellular animals.

Introduction:

The phenotypic plasticity involves the interaction of numerous species with an expected population of symbionts. The transmission of symbionts through the germ line, acts as a second system of inheritance. The symbiotic microorganism changes more rapidly under the environmental stresses compare to multicellular organisms. According to Rosenberg et.al. (2007) microorganism confers great adaptive potential to the host genome by different modes compare to the host genome without symbionts. Symbiont also acts as a source of selectable variation, during the evolutionary course of time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The adaptive potential confers by the microorganism depends upon a number of different mechanism. The relative abundance of microorganisms which are associated with the host shows an efficient change during environmental pressures shift. The adaptive variation has a tendency to introduce new symbionts. The genomic change caused by the recombination or random mutation incorporate more rapidly in microbial symbiont comapre to the host. Probably their is a horizontal gene transfer occurs between the members of symbiotic community. Symbionts can cause the reproductive isolation, in this isolation interbreeding is prevented between the holobiont populations. The presence of microorganism in a species specially in the cytoplasm of the cell and absence in another, can prevent the formation of a viable hybrid. Data suggests that symbionts may cause the genetic incompatibility, and acts as a reproductive barrier.

The evolution of multicellularity is also associated with the symbionts. The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria-like organisms around 3-3.5 billion years ago. The cell organelles mitochondria and chloroplast also share a number of similarities with bacterial cells, indicate the origin of multicellular organism.

Conclusion

Thus it is concluded that symbiotic bacteria play an important role in reproductive isolation and also in the origins of multicellular animals as explained in the above section.

Answer 7

Chapter 26, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The role of symbiotic bacteria in reproductive isolation and in the origins of multicellular animals.

Introduction:

The phenotypic plasticity involves the interaction of numerous species with an expected population of symbionts. The transmission of symbionts through the germ line, acts as a second system of inheritance. The symbiotic microorganism changes more rapidly under the environmental stresses compare to multicellular organisms. According to Rosenberg et.al. (2007) microorganism confers great adaptive potential to the host genome by different modes compare to the host genome without symbionts. Symbiont also acts as a source of selectable variation, during the evolutionary course of time.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The adaptive potential confers by the microorganism depends upon a number of different mechanism. The relative abundance of microorganisms which are associated with the host shows an efficient change during environmental pressures shift. The adaptive variation has a tendency to introduce new symbionts. The genomic change caused by the recombination or random mutation incorporate more rapidly in microbial symbiont comapre to the host. Probably their is a horizontal gene transfer occurs between the members of symbiotic community. Symbionts can cause the reproductive isolation, in this isolation interbreeding is prevented between the holobiont populations. The presence of microorganism in a species specially in the cytoplasm of the cell and absence in another, can prevent the formation of a viable hybrid. Data suggests that symbionts may cause the genetic incompatibility, and acts as a reproductive barrier.

The evolution of multicellularity is also associated with the symbionts. The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria-like organisms around 3-3.5 billion years ago. The cell organelles mitochondria and chloroplast also share a number of similarities with bacterial cells, indicate the origin of multicellular organism.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Thus it is concluded that symbiotic bacteria play an important role in reproductive isolation and also in the origins of multicellular animals as explained in the above section.

Answer 12

Ch. 26 - Prob. 1DQ

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