To explain:
The importance of genetic recombination and post recombination events related to diversity in antibodies
Concept introduction:
Antibodies are the potential receptors that can recognize unique aspects of antigen present on the pathogen. Antibodies are produced by the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells. Based on the physical, chemical, and immunological properties, antibodies are classified into 5 classes namely IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgA. All the antibodies share a common structural similarity by having 2 light and 2 heavy chains. Each light and heavy chain are further classified into “constant (C) and variable (V) domains”. Disulphide bonds connect one light chain with another heavy chain. Each heavy and light chain is derived from the combination of several gene fragments generated after several events of recombination.
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Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Books a la Carte Edition
- When a mixture of different IgG antibody proteins are treated with the enzyme papain, each antibody is cleaved into three roughly equal size fragments. From each original antibody, two of the three fragments are identical to each other, and represent the ‘arms’ of the antibody ‘Y’. These fragments are known as Fab fragments. The third fragment is known as the Fc region, because this fragment will crystallize when purified. The reason a mixture of Fc fragments will crystallize is because: It is the only part of the antibody protein that can easily be purified at the high concentrations needed for crystallization. It has no disulfide bonds holding the domains together, as disulfide bonds will inhibit crystallization. It is the only fragment of the antibody that still has disulfide bonds, so it remains intact during the crystallization process. The Fc fragments of IgG are much more water soluble than the Fab fragments. All Fc fragments generated from a mixture of IgG molecules have the…arrow_forwardThe following interactions occur during the expression and secretion of an antibody heavy-chain protein. Number them in the order that each takes place for the first time. A spliceosome interacts with the 5th intron (but not with the 6th). A B cell-specific protein bound to an enhancer interacts with a protein complex bound to the promoter. A signal recognition particle (SRP) interacts with a signal peptide sequence. A recombinase acts on copies of a specific DNA sequence in the gene.arrow_forwardV/D/J recombination frequently yields a gene whose mRNA cannot be successfully translated into an immunoglobulin chain. What aspect of somatic recombination is likely to produce nonproductive gene rearrangement?arrow_forward
- B cells are specialized blood cells that secrete antibodies. Normally, human blood has millions of differenttypes of B cells making millions of different kinds ofantibody molecules. This variety occurs because, as described in the Fast Forward Box in Chapter 13 entitledProgrammed DNA Rearrangements and the ImmuneSystem, antibody genes undergo rearrangements in theprecursors of B cells. Individual B cell precursorsrearrange their antibody genes in different ways.In the blood of patients with cancers called B celllymphomas, almost all of the antibody molecules areall of one type, but this single type of antibody isdifferent in different lymphoma patients.a. Based on this information, provide a brief description of the genesis of B cell lymphomas, focusingon the cells that are overproliferating.arrow_forwardVariable addition and subtraction of nucleotides at the junctions between gene segments contributes to the diversity of [Qi] the third hypervariable region. The addition and subtraction of nucleotides at the junctions between V, D, and J gene segments creates antibody proteins with wide variations in the numbers of amino acids in their CDR3 regions. This variability in CDR3 length is important as: Overall variability in CDR3 sequence is needed to create a sufficiently diverse antibody repertoire. The CDR3 region is more important in binding antigen than the CDR1 and CDR2 regions are. Some light chains bind better to heavy chains with longer CDR3 region sequences. Longer CDR3 sequences generally create antibodies with higher affinity for the antigen. Some antibodies bind relatively flat surfaces and others bind deep clefts in the antigen.arrow_forwardAtaxia-telangiectasis (ATM) is a rare genetic neurodegenerative disease. About 20% of people with ATM develop acute lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma, cancers of the immune-system cells. Cells in many of these cancers exhibit chromosome rearrangements, with chromosome breaks occurring at antibody and T-cell-receptor genes (A. L. Bredemeyer et al. 2006. Nature 442:466–470). Many people with ATM also have a weakened immune system, which makes them susceptible to respiratory infections. Research has shown that the locus that causes ATM has a role in the repair of double-strand breaks. Explain why people who have a genetic defect in the repair of doublestrand breaks might have a high incidence of chromosome rearrangements in their immune-system cells and why their immune systems might be weakened.arrow_forward
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- gamma:delta T-cell receptors are also generated by gene rearrangement. Some T cells express gamma:delta T-cell receptors rather than alpha:beta T-cell receptors. The organization of the a locus and the d locus helps to ensure that each T cell cannot express both types of T-cell receptors. The mechanism involved is that: The rearrangement of a T-cell receptor a gene deletes the d locus on that allele. The rearrangement of a T-cell receptor d gene deletes the a locus on that allele. The RAG recombinase enzymes are down-regulated immediately after the first T-cell receptor genes rearrange. The a:b T-cell receptor signals the T cell to delete the d locus. The g:d T-cell receptor signals the T cell to delete the a locus.arrow_forwardHow are the genes in the beta-globin locus different from each other? A) They have different evolutionary origins, from different ancestral genes. B) They have different sequences and locations on the chromosome. (C) They are expressed at different times in developmnent. (D) Some are expressed in all cells; some are expressed only in red blood cells. E) They are dispersed on on different chromosomes.arrow_forwardGive 4 examples of transcription factors / non-structural proteins you have learned in this course? Identify the most commonly used technique for diagnosing COVID-19? And the clinical sample for each technique. …….…… virus can cause encephalitis, cancer, sexually transmitted disease, infect external genitalia, mucosal surfaces, gladiatorum, and/or other diseases. How can the infection with this virus be avoided? Suggest two ways of prevention or to destroy the virus.arrow_forward
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