Concept explainers
To review:
The study shows that green plants, red algae, green algae, and microscopic freshwater algae are grouped into glaucophytes. They are all primary photosynthetic eukaryotes containing plastids, and chloroplast where photosynthesis occurs. Naiara Rodriguez-Ezpeleta from the University of Montreal along with a team tested this assumption. They were already aware that the proteins associated with plastids in cyanobacteria and photosynthetic eukaryotes share some amino acid sequences. So, they sequenced the amino acid in 143 proteins encoded by the nuclear genes of primary photosynthetic groups.
The trees were then compared to check where the overlap occurred and consequently, a summary tree was generated, as given in the figure. The data supports the prediction that glaucophytes and green plants are closely associated with each other, as compared to the other groups in the phylogeny.
Introduction:
Clade is the process of grouping organisms into different taxa, which consists of all the descendants that originated from a common ancestor. A cladogram is used in the interpretation of data generated by a phylogenetic tree.
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Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
- Which of the evolutionary sequences below does NOT represent how chloroplasts were derived? A.cyanobacteria → red algae →brown algae B.cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants C. cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants D. cyanobacteria → green algae → red algaearrow_forwardAccording to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did chloroplasts originate? -by tertiary endosymbiosis -through secondary endosymbiosis -from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes -from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for oxygen-using metabolism -through primary endosymbiosisarrow_forwardRedraw the phylogeny of eukaryotes, expanded to show different members (e.g. dinoflagellates, diatoms) of the supergroups as necessary and indicate the location of the primary endosymbioses for mitochondria and chlorophyll on the phylogeny. Indicate the location of three secondary endosymbioses leading to chloroplasts and one location showing the loss of mitochondria on the same phylogeny.arrow_forward
- DNA sequence data for a diplomonad, a euglenid, a plant, and an unidentified protist suggest that the unidentified species is most closely related to the diplomonad. Further studies reveal that the unknown species has fully functional mitochondria. Based on these data, at what point on the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 did the mystery protist’s lineage probably diverge from other eukaryote lineages? Explain.arrow_forwardBiologists think that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondriabefore plastids partly because(A) the products of photosynthesis could not be metabolizedwithout mitochondrial enzymes.(B) all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants),whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids.(C) mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA thanis plastid DNA.(D) without mitochondrial CO2 production, photosynthesiscould not occur.arrow_forwardIt has been suggested that chloroplasts, like mitochondria, evolved from independent living organisms. What features of the chloroplast suggest that this is true?arrow_forward
- Briefly describe what endosymbiotic theory is. Describe a few ways in which endosymbiotic theory has changed the way scientists think about the ancestral distinctions among the three domains.arrow_forwardWhat is endosymbiosis and why is it considered to be the source of eukaryotic diversity? Why are we confident this only happened once? What is primary and secondary endosymbiosis? Was there another endosymbiotic event that led to a third lineage? What group of organisms possesses a structure that might suggest this possibility and what is the structure? Why is the structure in question different from the ancestor of other plastids?arrow_forwardOne of these is NOT true about the mitochondria and plastid organelles in eukaryotes A. mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than is plastid DNA B. the products of photosynthesis are metabolized by the mitochondria C. all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids D. CO2 produced by the mitochondrial can be used in the cell to carry out photosynthesisarrow_forward
- Identify which of the following statements is false and correct the statement. a. Brown and red algae are not closely related phylogenetically. b. Chloroplasts in brown and red algae are monophyletic. c. Brown algae gained chloroplasts by engulfing green algae (endosymbiosis). d. None of the statements are false.arrow_forwardMolecular fossils further indicate the presence of ciliates and dinoflagellates in the emerging eukaryotic world and show that algae were expanding to become major photosynthesizers in the oceans. How can we explain this diversification?arrow_forwardThis chapter shows a phylogenetic tree for the three domains of life, which is based on DNA sequence data for rRNA and other genes. Which of the following answers concerning the phylogenetic relationships found within this tree is incorrect? View Available Hint(s)for Part A Euryarcheotes are found in the Archaea Diatoms, Tubulinids, and Euglenozoans belong to the domain Eukarya Forams, Fungi, and Chlamydias belong to the domain Eukarya. Spirochetes belong to the domain Bacteria Ciliates, Red Algae, and Plants belong to the domain Eukarya.arrow_forward
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning