Biology: Life on Earth
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780321729712
Author: Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk, Bruce E. Byers
Publisher: Benjamin Cummings
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Question
Chapter 28, Problem 5FTB
Summary Introduction
To review:
The given blank space in the statement, “photosynthetic organisms make up the first trophic level. Organisms in higher trophic levels are collectively called ____________ or ___________. Photosynthetic organisms are consumed by organism collectively called __________ or ____________. Animals that feed on other animals are called ________ or_______. Organisms that feed on wastes and dead bodies are called _______ and ______.”
Introduction:
In an ecosystem, feeding habits of the prey and predators are studied as per their trophic level. Each community occupies a specific trophic level. In almost all the ecosystems, the photosynthetic organisms occupy the first trophic level, except in the detritus food chain.
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In the trophic structure, autotrophs are living organisms that:
Are at the top of the chain, referred to as tertiary producers.
Photosynthetic organisms that produce their own energy
Organisms that receive their energy by consuming producers such as plants
Help to decompose the remains of dead organisms
How would you describe the trophic levels in a typical ecosystem? Discuss the flow of energy through the ecosystem, the relationship between the different trophic levels, and the factors that limit the number of trophic levels.
Only about 10 percent of the energy from each level of an energy pyramid is available to the trophic level above it. (The rest is used to power life processes or is lost as heat .)
If the primary producers have ,000 units of stored energy , how much energy would you expect to be transfered to first-level , second level , and third -level consumers ? Fill in the boxes with your answers.
Chapter 28 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth
Ch. 28 -
1. Nearly all life gets its energy from _______...Ch. 28 -
2. Photosynthetic organisms are called either...Ch. 28 -
3. Feeding levels within ecosystems are also...Ch. 28 - In general, only about ______ percent of the...Ch. 28 - Prob. 5FTBCh. 28 -
6. During the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen gas is...Ch. 28 - Prob. 7FTBCh. 28 - Prob. 1RQCh. 28 -
2. What is a producer? What trophic level does it...Ch. 28 - 3. Define net primary production. Would you...
Ch. 28 - Name the first three trophic levels. Among the...Ch. 28 - How do food chains and food webs differ? Which is...Ch. 28 - Define detritivore and decomposer and explain...Ch. 28 -
7. Trace the movement of carbon from one of its...Ch. 28 - Prob. 8RQCh. 28 - Trace a pathway of a phosphorus molecule from a...Ch. 28 - Trace the movement of a water molecule from the...Ch. 28 -
1. Humans are omnivores who can feed on several...Ch. 28 - Define and give an example of biological...Ch. 28 - Discuss the contribution of human population...Ch. 28 - Describe what would happen to a population of deer...
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- How much energy is passed from one trophic level to the next? Explain why.arrow_forwardHypothetical balanced food chain. Sun and Earth supply 6 units of energy to each plant. For higher tropic levels, individuals consume 2 units of energy each before passing the remainder to the next trophic level. The number of individuals in each trophic level is given below. Complete the table below by computing for the number of energy units in each column. Trophic Levels No. Individuals in Each Trophic Level No. of Units Received from Trophic Level Above No. Units Used / Individual (Resp) No. Units Used in Trophic Level No. Units Remaining & Passed on to Next Trophic Level Mean No. Units Available per Individual in Trophic Level SUN +E = 6 1) Plants 30 180 2 2) Grasshopper 19 2 3) Frog 12 2 4) Snake 8 2 5) Owl 4 2arrow_forwardThe mass of living material at a trophic level at a particular time is called as what?arrow_forward
- Net primary productivity refers to the rate of energy storage as organic matter by autotrophs after respiration is deducted the total rate of photosynthesis, or energy assimilated, by autotrophs the amount of accumulated organic matter found in an area at a given time the production of new tissues and offspring by heterotrophsarrow_forwardEnergy flows from one trophic level in the food chain to another, at each level only _____% (10, 1, 90) of the energy or biomass is transferred efficiently for use in the next level. The rest is either expended by cellular respiration or lost as feces.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true about energy flow in ecosystems on Earth? 99% of energy that reaches the earth is used to drive the process of photosynthesis Only about 10% of energy is moved from one trophic level to the next, while the remaining is lost as heat A very small amount of solar radiation that reaches the earth is scattered or reflected The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be destroyed, but it can be created in plantsarrow_forward
- A pyramid of energy reveals the flow of energy from producers to primary consumers and to higher trophic levels. Why is the energy reducingarrow_forwardAfter Eating a pizza Tomatoes and Pizza Dough =Producers – 10,000 or 20,000 Cheese – Primary Consumers = Level 2 -1,000 Pepperoni and Saugage – Level 3 (Pigs and Cows) 100 Me (Tertiary Consumer) 10 Using Trophic Level Diagram below Calculate the total energy consumption once you are done eating this meal.arrow_forwardwhy are omnivores, decomposers and detrivores not in any trophic level?arrow_forward
- An estimated 1000 kg of plant plankton are needed to produce 100 kg of animal plankton. The animal plankton is in turned consumed by 10 kg of fish, the amount needed by a person to gain 1 kg of body mass. i) explain why the amount of biomass declines at each successive trophic level.arrow_forwardAs a rule of thumb, about one-tenth of the energy or biomass consumed is stored at each trophic level. About how many kg of feed should it take to produce 1 kg of chicken meat that we eat? How much more energy should it take to provide you a meal of meat compared to vegetables?arrow_forwardAvailability of energy is less for entities at higher trophic levels.Why?arrow_forward
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