CAMPBELL BIO: CONCEPTS&CONNECTIONS (LL)
20th Edition
ISBN: 9780134610078
Author: Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 29, Problem 10TYK
Construct a graph in which membrane potential is on the y axis and time is on the x axis. Then draw the action potentials that occur when a bitter flavor is absent, followed by the action potentials that result when a person tastes a bitter flavor.
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Consider the following three diagrams of a nerve cell membrane. They show resting potential,
depolarization, and hyperpolarization. Figure out which one is which, then draw them in the
order they occur in a cell that undergoes an action potential
outside
+
Na*
inside
K*
Na*
Nat
K Nat
K Na
potential: -80 mV
outside
+
Na
K* Na*
inside
Na+
K Nat
Na*
K+
potential: +30 mV
outside
Na Na Na Na*
K+
inside
K*
Na*
Kt
potential: -70 mV
describe how the membrane potential varies over time AND distance as a graded potential move across the cell body of a neuron. Describe the movement of ions within the cell body as the graded potential moves away from the stimulus
(b) Describe or draw the response you would observed in cell C if an action potential occurred in cel
B, closely followed by an action potential in cell A.
= glutamate
= AMPA receptor
= GABA, receptor
= GABA
Chapter 29 Solutions
CAMPBELL BIO: CONCEPTS&CONNECTIONS (LL)
Ch. 29 - Prob. 1CCCh. 29 - Which of the following sensory receptors is...Ch. 29 - Which of the following are not known to be present...Ch. 29 - What do the receptor cells in the lateral line...Ch. 29 - If you look away from this book and focus your...Ch. 29 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 29 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 29 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 29 - Hold your right eye closed. With your left eye,...Ch. 29 - Construct a graph in which membrane potential is...
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- Draw and label an action potential, indicating the ion movements responsible for the rising phase and the falling phase.arrow_forwardIn an experiment, the extracellular [Na+] surrounding a nerve cell was reduced from 145 to 45 mM. Which of the following is the most likely effect of this on action potentials? No action potentials would occur because the concentration of extracellular Na+ is too low. The membrane potential would become more negative so the threshold for action potential generation could not be reached. The nerve cell would still produce an action potential but its amplitude would be reduced and the depolarisation phase would be slower. The nerve cell would still produce an action potential but its amplitude would be reduced and the depolarization phase would be more rapid.arrow_forwardIn the figure to the left, name the 4 phases of the action potential (Note: you have to write in where phase 4 occurs). Describe what happens in each phase with a focus on Na+ and K+ flow through channels and the membrane potential. Discuss the importance of threshold. How does this relate to the concept of APs being all or none?arrow_forward
- Consider the following graph of an action potential: 60- 30 membrane potential (mV) 9 -30 -60 line X -90- What is happening at point "C"? Sodium channels are opening Sodium channels are closing Potassium channels are opening Potassium channels are closing Sodium channels are closing and potassium channels are opening Sodium channels are opening and potassium channels are closing time line Oarrow_forwardRefer to the figure below to explain the mediation of action potentials by neurons using sodium and potassium channels at each of the six timepoints indicated.arrow_forwardA membrane potential (Vm) labeled axis on the graph In the graph draw the phases of the action potential Include the channels involved and when they open and close matching them to the Vm Indicate the periods in which the action potential can or cannot occurarrow_forward
- Excitatory neurotransmitters open up some sodium ion channels in the postsynaptic dendrite. This allows some sodium ions (Na+) to enter the postsynaptic dendrite, making the membrane potential more positive and bringing it closer to the threshold potential. This increases the likelihood of an action potential. Inhibitory neurotransmitters open up ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane for positive potassium ions (K+) to flow out OR negative chloride ions (Cl-) to flow in. Whether potassium ions go out or chloride ions go in, the postsynaptic cell becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential (further from the threshold potential). This decreases the likelihood of an action potential. The effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane is to a. maintain the resting potential b. hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane c. depolarize the postsynaptic membrane d. decrease the threshold levelarrow_forwardDiagram an Action potential: an action potential graph showing the 4 steps of an action potential AND what is happening to the sodium voltage-gated channels and voltage-gated potassium channels at each steparrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT true regarding the changes that occur during an action potential. Check All That Apply When stimulus is sufficient to cause the threshold potential to be reached, the area stimulated opens its voltage-gated sodium channels.When stimulus is sufficient to cause the threshold potential to be reached, the area stimulated opens its voltage-gated sodium channels. After threshold is reached, the sodium ions move into the cell via the Na+/K+ pump, the inside of the cell becomes momentarily positive.After threshold is reached, the sodium ions move into the cell via the Na+/K+ pump, the inside of the cell becomes momentarily positive. At almost the same time as Na+ channels are closing, voltage-gated potassium channels open, allowing an increased movement of potassium ions out of the cellAt almost the same time as Na+ channels are closing, voltage-gated potassium channels open, allowing an increased movement of potassium ions out of the cell The…arrow_forward
- Describe how an action potential in the presynaptic neuron is generated in the postsynaptic neuron. Label the presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron and synapse. Explain what is happening in figure on the left. Use key terms in order AND label on diagram: presynaptic axon terminal, action potential, calcium, vesicle, neurotransmitters, synapse Explain what is happening in the figure on the right. Use key terms in order AND label on diagram: neurotransmitter, postsynaptic receptor, sodium ions, excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), depolarization, action potential, postsynaptic neuronarrow_forwardExplain what happens when an action potential reaches the axon terminus (terminal) by activating the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. Explanation addressing the question above When an action potential, or nerve impulse, arrives at the axon terminal, it activates voltage-gated calcium channels in the cell membrane. Which is present at a much higher concentration outside the neuron than inside, rushes into the cell. The Ca2+ allows synaptic vesicles to fuse with the axon terminal membrane, releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The molecules of neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptor proteins on the postsynaptic cell. Activation of postsynaptic receptors leads to the opening or closing of ion channels in the cell membrane. This may be depolarizing, making the inside of the cell more positive, or hyperpolarizing making the inside more negative depending on the ions involved. The excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials…arrow_forwardMatch each type of membrane potential to its definition: The membrane potential at which voltage gated sodium channels open. The membrane potential that triggers the action potential. Threshold potential Change in membrane potential that may or may not reach threshold and that may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing. Rapid, strong depolarization followed by immediate repolarization. This potential is self-renewing if the right ion channels are nearby. Answer Options: Resting Potential, Threshold Potential, Graded Potential, Action Potentialarrow_forward
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