Concept explainers
To determine:
The two websites that support and refutes the statement “cancer-causing ingredients in vaccines harm children.”
Introduction:
Vaccines are the biological preparation that provides immunity against a particular disease. Vaccines mainly consist of the killed microbial agent, its toxin, or any of its surface protein, which causes the disease.
To determine:
The two websites that support and refutes the statement “A parent’s choice not to vaccinate a child will not affect unrelated individuals.”
Introduction:
Vaccination is the process by which a child or an adult takes the vaccine to prevent serious disease caused by an organism in the future. The vaccine contains the inactive form of microbe against which the human body produces antibodies. These antibodies prevent the individual from the disease.
To determine:
The two websites that support and refutes the statement “Memory cells derived from an actual illness are more powerful than memory cells derived from a vaccine”.
Introduction:
Memory cells produce the antibodies against the specific antigen on re-exposure of that antigen. The memory cells identify the antigen as foreign material and produce a large number of antibodies that prevent the body from the serious infection.
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- Two newly developed vaccine candidates (A and B) are tested in mice for their ability to elicit high concentrations of anti-meningococcal antibodies that would provide mucosal as well as bloodstream protection. Also, the ideal candidate vaccine should also provide long-lasting immunity to the infection. The figure below shows the responses to a primary, followed by a secondary immunization to each of the two candidate vaccines. a) Which candidate vaccine elicits the preferred response? What are the three aspects of the preferred response that make it the candidate vaccine of choice? b) What is the likely composition of each vaccine and what evidence from the information above are used to lead to your conclusions? c) To confirm the choice of the preferred candidate vaccine, what type of additional information from the vaccine trials in mice shown above would support this conclusion? Name two additional features of the secondary antibody response to each candidate vaccine that could be…arrow_forwardDescribe IN DETAIL how vaccines work. Include a clear description of how the immune system works and how vaccines work WITH our natural immune function. How do they help protect us from dying from diseases? Use examples from the past (e.g. polio, smallpox, measles, rubella, etc.) to illustrate the effectiveness of vaccines.arrow_forwardDescribe the difference between (A) ‘naked antibodies’ and (B) conjugated antibodies in the context of using humanized monoclonal antibodies for tumor killing.arrow_forward
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- Active vs Passive vaccination, which is false: A. Passive vaccination: involves infusion of another person's activated B cells resulting in immediately available antibodies. B. Active immunity provides long term protection C. Passive immunity produces short term protection from the specific virus D. Attentuated live vaccines, subunit vaccines including empty capsids, and recombinate vaccines are example of active vaccination.arrow_forwardHuman immune system a) Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are conserved molecular structures produced by microorganisms, but not by host cells. b) A virus-infected host cell that displays a viral antigen via MHC class I molecules may become a target of cytotoxic T cells. c) Secreted MHC Class I proteins present in blood plasma can function as opsonins. d) Both (a) and (b) are correct and (c) is incorrect e) Statements (a), (b) and (c) are all correctarrow_forwardName the different types of immune responses that vaccines aim to induce.arrow_forward
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