Concept explainers
Draw a phylogenetic tree illustrating our current understanding of plant phylogeny; label the common ancestor of plants and the origins of multicellular gametangia, vascular tissue, and seeds.
To draw: A phylogenetic tree that describes the relationship between the common ancestor of plants and the origins of multicellular gametangia, vascular tissue, and seeds.
Introduction: About 1.2 billion years ago, the microorganisms colonized on the land surface. The microscopic fossils are the shreds of evidence of life on the Earth. These spore fossils are estimated to be 450 million years old. These spores are different from spores of algae and fungi of the present day in terms of their chemical composition. Cooksonia sporangium is one of the biggest fossils of the larger plants that occurred about 435 million years ago. Then a third clade of seed plants occurred that is defined today as the gymnosperm and the angiosperm.
Explanation of Solution
Pictorial representation: Fig.1 shows the phylogenetic tree drawn to represent the relationship between different groups of land plants.
Fig.1 Phylogenetic tree
Fossils show that the origin of plants occurred about various million years ago. Plants then divided into various groups like the Bryophytes (non-vascular plants), which include liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. Then about 430 million years ago the origin of seedless vascular plants occurred, which includes lycophytes (spike mosses, and quillworts) and monilophytes (fern, horsetail, and whiskfern). Around 360 million years ago various seed plants originate that including angiosperm as well as the gymnosperm, occurred. The Fig.1 shows the phylogenetic relationship between the four groups of the plant.
There are some characteristics that differentiate these four groups of plants are as follows:
- Bryophytes (mosses): The vascular system is absent, the gametophyte stage is dominant, having spores, and have motile sperm
- Pteridophytes (ferns): Vascular system present, dominant sporophyte system, reproduction through spores, and motile sperm is present.
- Gymnosperm (Pines, Spruce, and Gingko): They also have a vascular system with sporophyte as the dominant stage and the reproduction occurs by either heterospory, cones, pollen, eggs, or seeds.
- Angiosperm (monocot and dicots): The vascular system is present and the sporophyte stage is dominant in sporophytes.
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Chapter 29 Solutions
MOD. MASTERING BIO STANDALONE CODE
- Make a schematic diagram summarizing the methodology of "Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnospersm and origin of Gnetales from conifers" by Shu-Miaw Chaw, Christopher L. Parkinson, Yuchang Cheng, Thomas M. Vincent, and Jeffrey D. Palmer.arrow_forwardList the major events in the evolutionary history of plants.arrow_forwardIdentity and define 8 apomorphies of flowering plants please base on flora of manilaarrow_forward
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- Create a hypothetical phylogenetic tree using 11 plant species listed below. Chara, Nitella, Marchantia, Polytrichum, Equistem, Psilotum, Polypodium, Pinus, Zamia, Arabidopsis, and Lilium. Divide the species into five specific groups (Charophytes, Bryophytes, Monolithophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms) which will be the clades of your phylogenetic tree.arrow_forwardPlant Diversity Know the phylum, domain and supergroup of land plants and its sister taxon. Describe at least four out of the seven derived traits of land plants. Describe and draw a general land plant life cycle (know the terms haploid, diploid, gametophyte, sporophyte, spore, meiosis, mitosis)arrow_forwardWhat specific plant morphological characters consistently used as basis for classifying plants, in general, and the flowering plants, in particular? Name the specific classification systems (authors who) used them.arrow_forward
- The work of plant taxonomists of the 20th century who identified /established the different families of flowering plants based mainly on morphological and anatomical details is still valued and being used today, despite the general acceptance of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) as a classification system for the flowering plants. Explain why.arrow_forwardThe work of plant taxonomists of the 20th century who identified /established the different families of flowering plants based mainly on morphological and anatomical details is still valued and being used today, despite the general acceptance of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) as a classification system for the flowering plants. Why is it so?arrow_forwardOutline the key evolutionary innovations of plants.arrow_forward
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