Chapter 3, Problem 17P

To determine

(1) To Prepare:

T-Accounts for Opening Balances of Balance Sheet Accounts.

Introduction:

T-Accounts

• T-Accounts are a graphical representation of the postings made to the accounts during a reporting period.
• The left side records the debit entries and the right side records the credit entries of an account.
• Depending on the nature of the account i.e. Balance Sheet or Profit and Loss Account, Income or Expense account etc. the account balances are reflected.
• In case of Asset and Expenses accounts, the opening balance will be Debit Balance and in case of Liabilities and Incomes accounts, the opening balance is Credit Balance.
• They help in analysis of the transactions impacting the accounts.

Answer to Problem 17P

Solution:

Dr.	Cash				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
	Opening Balance	$ 63,000.00
	Balance	$ 63,000.00
Dr.	Accounts Receivable				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
	Opening Balance	$ 102,000.00
	Balance	$ 102,000.00
Dr.	Raw Materials				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
	Opening Balance	$ 30,000.00
	Balance	$ 30,000.00
Dr.	Videos In Process				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
	Opening Balance	$ 45,000.00
	Balance	$ 45,000.00
Dr.	Finished Videos				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
	Opening Balance	$ 81,000.00
	Balance	$ 81,000.00
Dr.	Prepaid Insurance				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
	Opening Balance	$ 9,000.00
	Balance	$ 9,000.00
Dr.	Studio and Equipment				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
	Opening Balance	$ 730,000.00
	Balance	$ 730,000.00

Dr.	Accumulated Depreciation	Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
				Opening Balance	$ 210,000.00
				Balance	$ 210,000.00
Dr.	Accounts Payable	Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
				Opening Balance	$ 160,000.00
				Balance	$ 160,000.00
Dr.	Capital Stock	Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
				Opening Balance	$ 420,000.00
				Balance	$ 420,000.00
Dr.	Retained Earnings	Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
				Opening Balance	$ 270,000.00
				Balance	$ 270,000.00

Explanation of Solution

• In case of Asset and Expenses accounts, the opening balance will be Debit Balance and in case of Liabilities and Incomes accounts, the opening balance is Credit Balance.
• In order to increase balances of Asset and Expenses accounts, they are debited and in order to decrease the balances, they are credited
• In order to increase balances of Liabilities and Incomes accounts, they are credited and in order to decrease the balances, they are debited.
• Examples of Assets and Expenses −

Assets - Raw Materials, Work In process, Finished Goods, Accounts Receivable, Cash

Expenses - Manufacturing Overhead, Salary Expenses, Advertising Expenses, Rent Expenses, and Cost of Goods sold

• Examples of Liabilities and Incomes -

Liabilities − Accounts Payable, Salaries Payable

Incomes − Sales

Hence, the opening balances are recorded and T-Accounts have been prepared.

To determine

(2) To Prepare:

T-Accounts and compute closing Balances

Introduction:

T-Accounts

• T-Accounts are a graphical representation of the postings made to the accounts during a reporting period.
• The left side records the debit entries and the right side records the credit entries of an account.
• Depending on the nature of the account i.e. Balance Sheet or Profit and Loss Account, Income or Expense account etc. the account balances are reflected.
• In case of Asset and Expenses accounts, the opening balance will be Debit Balance and in case of Liabilities and Incomes accounts, the opening balance is Credit Balance.
• They help in analysis of the transactions impacting the accounts.

Explanation of Solution

Dr.	Cash				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
	Opening Balance	$ 63,000.00	m	Accounts Payable	$ 500,000.00
l	Accounts Receivable	$ 850,000.00	m	Salaries and Wages	$ 285,000.00
	Balance	$ 128,000.00
Dr.	Accounts Receivable				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
	Opening Balance	$ 102,000.00	l	Cash	$ 850,000.00
k	Sales	$ 925,000.00
	Balance	$ 177,000.00
Dr.	Raw Materials				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
	Opening Balance	$ 30,000.00	b	Videos In Progress	$ 170,000.00
a	Accounts Payable	$ 185,000.00	b	Manufacturing Overhead	$ 30,000.00
	Balance	$ 15,000.00
Dr.	Videos In Process				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
	Opening Balance	$ 45,000.00	J	Finished Goods	$ 550,000.00
b	Raw Materials	$ 170,000.00
d	Accumulated Depreciation	$ 63,000.00
f	Salaries Payable	$ 82,000.00
g	Prepaid Insurance	$ 5,600.00
i	Manufacturing Overhead	$ 290,000.00
	Balance	$ 105,600.00
Dr.	Finished Videos				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
	Opening Balance	$ 81,000.00	k	Cost of Goods Sold	$ 600,000.00
j	Videos in Process	$ 550,000.00
	Balance	$ 31,000.00
Dr.	Prepaid Insurance				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
	Opening Balance	$ 9,000.00	g	Manufacturing Overhead	$ 1,400.00
			g	Videos In Process	$ 5,600.00
	Balance	$ 2,000.00
Dr.	Studio and Equipment				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
	Opening Balance	$ 730,000.00
	Balance	$ 730,000.00

Dr.	Accumulated Depreciation				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
				Opening Balance	$ 210,000.00
			d	Videos in Process	$ 63,000.00
				Manufacturing Overhead	$ 21,000.00
				Balance	$ 294,000.00
Dr.	Accounts Payable				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
m	Cash	500000		Opening Balance	$ 160,000.00
			a	Raw Materials	$ 185,000.00
			c	Manufacturing Overhead	$ 72,000.00
			e	Advertising Expenses	$ 130,000.00
			h	Manufacturing Overhead	$ 8,600.00
				Balance	$ 55,600.00
Dr.	Capital Stock				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
				Opening Balance	$ 420,000.00
				Balance	$ 420,000.00
Dr.	Retained Earnings				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
				Opening Balance	$ 270,000.00
				Balance	$ 270,000.00
Dr.	Manufacturing Overhead				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
b	Raw Materials	$ 30,000.00	i	Videos in Process	$ 290,000.00
d	Accumulated Depreciation	$ 21,000.00
f	Salaries Payable	$ 110,000.00
c	Accounts Payable	$ 72,000.00
g	Prepaid Insurance	$ 1,400.00
h	Accounts Payable	$ 8,600.00
				Balance	$ 47,000.00
Dr.	Utility Expenses				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
c	Manufacturing Overhead	$ 72,000.00
	Balance	$ 72,000.00
Dr.	Advertising Expenses				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
d	Accounts Payable	$ 130,000.00
	Balance	$ 130,000.00
Dr.	Administrative Salaries				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
f	Salaries Payable	$ 95,000.00
	Balance	$ 95,000.00
Dr.	Salaries Payable				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
m	Cash	$ 285,000.00	f	Videos in Process	$ 82,000.00
			f	Manufacturing Overhead	$ 110,000.00
			f	Administrative Salaries	$ 95,000.00
				Balance	$ 2,000.00
Dr.	Sales				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
			k	Accounts Receivable	$ 925,000.00
				Balance	$ 925,000.00
Dr.	Cost of Goods Sold				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
k	Finished Videos	$ 600,000.00
	Balance	$ 600,000.00

• In case of Asset and Expenses accounts, the opening balance will be Debit Balance and in case of Liabilities and Incomes accounts, the opening balance is Credit Balance.
• Examples of Assets and Expenses −

Assets - Raw Materials, Work In process, Finished Goods, Cash

Expenses - Manufacturing Overhead, Salary Expenses, Advertising Expenses, Rent Expenses, and Cost of Goods sold.

• Examples of Liabilities and Incomes -

Liabilities − Salaries Payable

Incomes - Sales

• In order to increase balances of Asset and Expenses accounts, they are debited and in order to decrease the balances, they are credited
• In order to increase balances of Liability and Income accounts, they are credited and in order to decrease the balances, they are debited.

Hence, the transactions have been posted to T-Accounts.

To determine

(3) To Compute:

Close balance of Manufacturing Overhead by passing suitable journal entries.

Introduction:

Application of Overhead

• Overhead refers to the various types of costs associated with the costs of production.
• These can include direct over heads such as factory rent, factory electricity expenses etc or indirect overheads such as depreciation, insurance expenses etc.
• The application of overhead means allocation of costs of production that are attributable to the goods manufactured in a fixed proportion or method of allocation.
• The difference between the actual manufacturing overhead and the applied manufacturing overhead is the under application or over application of overhead.

Journal Entries

• Journal entries are the first step in recording financial transactions and preparation of financial statements.
• These represent the impact of the financial transaction and demonstrate the effect on the accounts impacted in the form of debits and credits.
• Assets and expenses have debit balances and Liabilities and Incomes have credit balances

T-Accounts

• T-Accounts are a graphical representation of the postings made to the accounts during a reporting period.
• The left side records the debit entries and the right side records the credit entries of an account.
• Depending on the nature of the account i.e. Balance Sheet or Profit and Loss Account, Income or Expense account etc. the account balances are reflected.

Explanation of Solution

Date	Particulars	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
12.31.18	Manufacturing Overhead	47,000
	Cost of Goods Sold		47,000
	(Being Over applied overhead closed to Cost of Goods Sold)

• The application of overhead to work in progress in a pre-determined rate often results in under or over absorption of the overhead.
• The difference between the applied overhead and the actual overhead is the under or over application of the overhead.
• When the actual overhead is greater than the applied overhead, it results in under application of the manufacturing overhead.
• When the actual overhead is less than the applied overhead, it results in over application of the manufacturing overhead.
• Over applied overhead is a favorable variance since it results in a lower than expected cost of goods sold.
• The overhead is applied at a pre-determined rate of $4 ($280,000 / 7000 * 7250 hours) per direct labor hour for 7,250 Labor Hours, resulting in over application of overhead since the actual manufacturing overhead is only $243,000 whereas the applied overhead is $290,000.
• The over applied Manufacturing Overhead is transferred to the cost of goods sold and it is calculated accordingly.
• The T- Account is presented herewith for understanding

Dr.	Manufacturing Overhead				Cr.
Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)	Transaction	Particulars	Amount ($)
b	Raw Materials	$ 30,000.00	i	Videos in Process	$ 290,000.00
d	Accumulated Depreciation	$ 21,000.00
f	Salaries Payable	$ 110,000.00
c	Accounts Payable	$ 72,000.00
g	Prepaid Insurance	$ 1,400.00
h	Accounts Payable	$ 8,600.00
	Cost of Goods Sold	$ 47,000.00

Hence, the transaction of transferring the manufacturing overhead balance to cost of goods sold is journalized.

To determine

(4) To Prepare:

Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured.

Introduction:

Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured:

• The Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured is used to compute the cost of producing goods for a particular period.
• It comprises of Cost of Materials, Labor and Overhead attributable to goods manufactured.
• Cost of goods manufactured is the total cost of producing goods that are later sold to realize revenues. It includes direct and indirect materials, labor and overhead.

Explanation of Solution

Direct Materials Used:
Beginning Materials Inventory	30,000
Add: Cost of Raw Materials Purchased	185,000
Total Raw Materials Available	215,000
Less: Closing Materials Inventory	(15,000)
Total Raw Materials Used	200,000
Direct Labor	82,000
Manufacturing Overhead
Material	30,000
Depreciation	21,000
Prepaid Insurance	1,400
Salaries	110,000
Maintainance Expenses	8,600
Utilities	72,000
Total Manufacturing Overhead	243,000
Total Manufacturing Costs		525,000
Add: Beginning Work In Progress Inventory		45,000
Less: Closing Work In Progress Inventory		105,600
Cost Of Goods Manufactured		464,400

• The cost of goods manufactured is a sum of the direct material, labor and manufacturing overhead attributable to the product.
• The direct material is calculated by adding the beginning raw materials inventory to the cost of raw materials purchased and reducing the balance of ending raw materials inventory.
• The opening and closing balances of Raw materials along with the cost of purchases are given. These are used to calculate the cost of material consumed.
• Direct labor and Manufacturing Overhead are also calculated. These along with cost of materials help in ascertaining the total manufacturing costs.
• Manufacturing overhead is considered at actuals and not at the rate of application of overhead.
• The opening and closing balance of Work in progress are given.
• The cost of manufacturing goods is calculated by adding the beginning Work in progress inventory to the cost of material, labor and overhead and reducing the balance of ending Work in progress inventory.

Hence, the cost of goods manufactured is $464,400.

To determine

(5) To Compute:

Cost of Goods Sold.

Introduction:

Cost of Goods Sold

• The Schedule of Cost of Goods sold is used to compute the cost of goods sold in a particular period.
• Cost of goods sold comprises of the cost of
• Goods manufactured along with the effect of the change in inventory of the finished goods.
• The cost of goods manufactured is a sum of the direct material, labor and manufacturing overhead attributable to the product.

Explanation of Solution

Schedule of Cost Of Goods Sold
Beginning Finished Goods Inventory	81,000
Cost of Goods Manufactured	464,400
Total Goods Available for Sale	545,400
Ending Finished Goods Inventory	31,000
Overapplied Overhead	47,000
Cost of Goods Sold	561,400

• The application of overhead to work in progress in a pre-determined rate often results in under or over absorption of the overhead.
• The difference between the applied overhead and the actual overhead is the under or over application of the overhead.
• When the actual overhead is greater than the applied overhead, it results in under application of the manufacturing overhead.
• When the actual overhead is less than the applied overhead, it results in over application of the manufacturing overhead.
• Over applied overhead is a favorable variance since it results in a lower than expected cost of goods sold.
• The cost of Goods sold is calculated by adding the beginning finished goods inventory to the cost of goods manufactured and reducing the balance of ending finished goods inventory.
• The cost of goods manufactured is a sum of the direct material, labor and manufacturing overhead attributable to the product.
• The opening and closing balances of finished goods inventory are given in the question. These are used to ascertain the actual cost of goods sold.
• The over applied Manufacturing Overhead is transferred to the cost of goods sold and it is calculated accordingly

Hence, the transaction of transferring the manufacturing overhead balance to cost of goods sold is journalized and the cost of goods sold is $ 561,400.

To determine

(6) To Prepare:

Income Statement for the year

Introduction:

Income Statement:

• Income Statement is a record of the revenues goods sold, expenses of direct and indirect nature, and the change in inventory.
• The difference between the revenues and expenses is the profit or loss for the reporting period.
• The profit or loss for the period is transferred to the Balance Sheet.

Explanation of Solution

Solution:

Income Statement
Sales		925,000
Cost of Goods Sold
Beginning Finished Goods Inventory	81,000
Cost of Goods Manufactured	464,400
Total Goods Available for Sale	545,400
Ending Finished Goods Inventory	31,000
Over applied Overhead	47,000
Cost of Goods Sold	561,400
Gross Profit		363,600
Operating Expenses
Selling and Administrative Expenses
Material	30,000
Depreciation	21,000
Salaries	110,000
Utilities	72,000
Prepaid Insurance	1,400
Misc Expenses	8,600
Total Operating Expenses		243,000
Income From Operations		120,600

• The Income statement is a record of the various expenses such as cost of goods manufactured, and revenues such as sales revenue.
• Income from operations is calculated as $120,600. This is the difference between the Gross Profit and the Operating Expenses.
• Selling and Administrative Expenses of $ 243,000 are calculated based on the various transactions occurring during the reporting period. These constitute the Total Operating Expenses.
• The difference of Net Income from Sales and Total Cost of Goods Sold is the Gross Profit.
• The ending finished goods inventory is calculated as a difference of the Cost of Goods sold and the Cost of Goods available for Sale.
• The cost of Goods sold is calculated by adding the beginning finished goods inventory.

Hence, Income Statement has been prepared and the net income from operations is $120,600.