Chapter 3, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To explain: The major cellular structures and their functions.

Introduction: A cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of living things. It is typically microscopic, and possesses cytoplasm and nucleus enclosed within a membrane. The cells are complex membrane-bound units that are packed with a multitude of macromolecules and chemicals. They are capable of replicating and forming new cells and organisms.

Explanation of Solution

The major structures of the cell and their functions are as follows:

Plasma membrane:

It protects the internal content of the cell from external environment. It provides shape and rigidity to the cells. It is involved in the transportation of nutrients and waste products. It generates membrane potential, cell recognition, growth, and communication regulation.

Cytoskeleton:

It is made up of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin. It is involved in regulating the shape and movement of the cell. It also traffics the intracellular molecules.

Nucleus:

It is a membrane-bound internal organelle of the cell and it possesses the genetic material (DNA). It is present mostly in the eukaryotic cells.

Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus:

These organelles of the cell function together and are involved in synthesizing lipids and proteins. They are also involved in package, transportation, and distribution of their products to the lysosomes or to the plasma membrane.

Lysosomes and peroxisomes:

The lysosomes and peroxisomes are the membrane-bound bags of the digestive enzymes. They are involved in the degradation of the intracellular debris.

Mitochondria:

The mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell. They produce energy currency molecules of the cell (ATP) through the cellular respiration. They are also involved in cellular metabolism.