LIFE: THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319145125
Author: Sadava
Publisher: MAC HIGHER
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Chapter 3.1, Problem 6R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The reactions that link the following three number of monomers to form a
H–A–OH, H–B–OH, H–C–OH
Introduction:
A polymer is formed by condensation of individual monomer units. Each monomer unit undergoes a condensation reaction, linking them together. During the condensation reaction, a water molecule is lost. Monomers are linked with the help of covalent bonds.
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Draw the structure and name the following polypeptides:
1. SRAL
b. ENIRYTAK
In principle, there are many different, chemically diverse ways in which small molecules can be linked to form polymers. For example, the small molecule ethene (CH2=CH2) is used commercially to make the plastic polyethylene (...–CH2–CH2– CH2–CH2–CH2–...). The individual subunits of the three major classes of biological macromolecules, however, are all linked by similar reaction mechanisms, i.e., by condensation reactions that eliminate water. Can you think of any benefits that this chemistry offers and why it might have been selected in evolution?
Consider the structure of the tripeptide (in its fully protonated form) below.
H
H
H
+ I ||
H₂N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-OH
1
I |
H CH₂ H CH₂
CH₂
T
C=O
OH
AA1
0=0
||
HC-CH3
CH3
AA2
AA3
0=C
1. Give the sequence of the tripeptide using the ONE-LETTER DESIGNATION (UPPERCASE LETTER) with NO spaces and symbols between each letter.
2. How many ionizable groups are there in the tripeptide? Give the numerical value (e.g., 10 not ten).
• pH 10: {Choices: -2, -1, 0, +1, +2}
3. Which amino acid residue has one ionizable group left upon forming the tripeptide? {Choices: AA1, AA2, AA3, none, all}
4. Give the net charge of the dominant structure of the tripeptide at the given pH values. The pK, values of the amino acids are given in Table 1.
• pH 4: {Choices: -2, -1, 0, +1, +2}
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- The structure shown is an example of a type of macromolecule (carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid) that is an important biological polymer. Identify the type of macromolecule macromolecule in the cell. H H H NH H H H H H N|H shown, the type of monomer it is made from, how you came to your conclusion and the general types of important biological functions of this type of 2=0 N-H -O-Harrow_forwardCasein is a biological polymer—what are the monomers of this polymer? (General term)arrow_forwardAccording to the configuration of the isostatic, syndiotactic and atactic polymers. Define each of the three configurations and give an example of each of the configurations.(Add the internet link or the bibliographic source where they found the information of the examples)arrow_forward
- In regards to the protein structure, explain what is meant by “tertiary structure.” Whatare the main forces that stabilize tertiary structures in proteins? Provide examples.arrow_forwardList the 3 types of of macromolecules that form polymers, and next to each one list the monomers that make up each type. For the 4th type of macromolecule, explain in one sentence why its components would not really be considered monomers.arrow_forwardConsider the following tripeptide:Gly—Ala—ValWhat is the charge of the primary structure of proteins at pH 1,5,10, and 12? Draw their structures (structural formulas) and predict their net charge.arrow_forward
- Please help me with the following 1) sketch a phosphodiester bondarrow_forwardDescribe the forces that are involved in the tertiary structure of a protein and give an example of each force listed.arrow_forwardConsider the structure shown below. он 3 5 CH; O CH, O H CH; O 1 H-N-CH,-C-N-CH;-C-N-CH-C-N-CH-C-N-CH-C-ơ 2 H. H H Fill in the blank with an integer (1, 2, 3, 4, 5..) as shown in the diagram or to represent a specified number. A hydrophilic side chain is indicated by the numberarrow_forward
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