Campbell Biology & New Mastering eText Value Pack Access Code
1st Edition
ISBN: 9780321989574
Author: Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 31, Problem 6TYU
Summary Introduction
To write: To test the given hypothesis.
Concept introduction: Lichen refers to symbiotic association formed between a
Given: Two hypotheses are proposed for lichen growth forms:
- a) Hypothesis 1: “Crustose, foliose, and fruticose lichens, of which each represent a monophyletic group”
- b) Hypothesis 2:“Each lichen growth form represents convergent evolution by taxonomically diverse fungi”
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EVOLUTION CONNECTION The fungus-alga symbiosis thatmakes up a lichen is thought to have evolved multiple timesindependently in different fungal groups. However, lichensfall into three well-defined growth forms (see Figure 31.22).How could you test the following hypotheses? Hypothesis 1:Crustose, foliose, and fruticose lichens each represent amonophyletic group. Hypothesis 2: Each lichen growthform represents convergent evolution by taxonomicallydiverse fungi.
Lichens are said to be composite organisms made up of two very different types of organisms: usually a fungus and an alga (or in a few lichens, a fungus and a Cyanobacterium). (Alga is the singular of algae.) How do these two types of organisms work together to become a functional composite organism? That is, what does each organism provides to the relationship to make it successful? Think about a lichen living on the face of a rock.
Algae are autotrophs and can have photosynthesis, however, evolutionary evidence suggests that plants shared a common ancestor with only green algae and are closest relatives of Charophytes. What evidences support this statement? How an algal cell is different from fungal cells, even if both are eukaryotes? Why slime mold is a protist not a fungus even if it does not have chloroplast?
Chapter 31 Solutions
Campbell Biology & New Mastering eText Value Pack Access Code
Ch. 31.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 31.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 31.1 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Review Figure 10.4 and Figure...Ch. 31.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 31.2 - WHAT IF? Suppose that you sample the DNA of two...Ch. 31.3 - Why are fungi classified as opisthokonts despite...Ch. 31.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 31.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 31.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 31.4 - Give examples of how form fits function in...
Ch. 31.4 - WHAT IF? Suppose that the mutation of an...Ch. 31.5 - What are some of the benefits that liehen algae...Ch. 31.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 31.5 - WHAT IF? How might life on Earth differ from what...Ch. 31 - How does the morphofogy of multicellular fungi...Ch. 31 - Prob. 31.2CRCh. 31 - Did multicellularity originate independently in...Ch. 31 - Prob. 31.4CRCh. 31 - How are furigi important as decomposers,...Ch. 31 - Prob. 1TYUCh. 31 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 31 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 31 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 31 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 31 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 31 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION As you read in...Ch. 31 - SYNTHESIZE VOUR KNOWLEDGE This wasp is the...
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- Tue or False: Most fungi secondarily lack flagellated cells in their life history and this places the monophyly of the supergroup to which they belong, in doubt, as these extant fungi no longer have the synapomorphy of the supergrouparrow_forwardLichens are able to reproduce both sexually and asexually, with nearly 1/3 of all species reproducing solely by asexual means. Given that lichens are an association between multiple species from different kingdoms, how do you think this might work? What components would have to be present in the reproductive structure for reproduction to be successful?arrow_forwardEukaryotic cells can be detected at latest mid-way through the Proterozoic, and multicellular eukaryotes not long after – but there is a curious lag before the radiation of multicellular eukaryotic groups. We discussed two possible reasons for this. Explain both. Why might an early arrival of lichens on land explain aspects of both of those possibilities?arrow_forward
- Give arguments to support the hypothesis that chytrids may have been the earliest fungal group to evolve from the most recent common ancestor of fungi.arrow_forwardWhich statement below is true about the most recently evolved groups (2 groups) of fungi? the two most recently evolved groups are zygomycetes and ascomycetes they have hyphae with crosswalls they are only found in aquatic environmentsarrow_forwardWhich phyla of fungi are composed of non-septate hyphae? Enumerate four. What are the synapomorphies of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota making them sister groups? Enumerate 2. What are the differences between ascomycota and basidiomycota. Give 2 basis for differentiation.arrow_forward
- Evolutionary evidence suggests fungi evolved from ________ that also gave rise to the fourth and most diverse group of eukaryotes: the animals. Question 79 options: bacteria plants protists / slime moldsarrow_forwardAnimals and fungi are both heterotrophs, but they have many differences. What are the main differences in structure and function between a Precambrian animal (such as Hallucigenia) and a fungus like a mold.arrow_forwardBecause most lichens are not good for food and are not very important economically, should we be as concerned about some of them becoming extinct as we are about whales disappearing?arrow_forward
- Fungi were once classified in the same kingdom as plants. Which characteristic of fungi resulted in them being placed in a separate kingdom?arrow_forwardWe know fungi are eukaryotic (have membrane-bound nucleus and organelles). Explain three unique ways fungi are different from other microbes (algae, protozoans, bacteria and archaea). Compare things like cell walls, cell membranes, morphology, reproduction, life cycles. (Words to use in your answer include chitin, cellulose, peptidoglycan, pseudopeptidoglycan, ergosterol, hopanoids, cholesterol,mycelium, hyphae, multinucleate, multicellular, unicellular, nutritional needs, environmental needs, chemoheterotrophy, saprobes, parasites, free-living, reproductive strategies, spores).arrow_forwardFUNGI USED TO BE CLASSIFIED IN THE SAME KINGDOM AS PLANTS. IN TIME, SCIENTIST OBSERVED A KEY CHARACTERISTICS THAT REQUIRED RECLASSIFICATION. WHAT WAS THAT CHARACTERISTIC? Required to answer. Multiple choice. FUNGI ARE HETEROTROPHIC FUNGI REPRODUCE SEXUALLY AND SEXUALLY FUNGI ARE EKARYOTIC FUNGI ARE MULTICELLULARarrow_forward
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