Chapter 35.5, Problem 1CYL

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The role of nephron and collecting duct in controlling blood osmolarity.

Introduction

The urinary system of human is composed of paired kidneys and ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The main function of the urinary system is to produce urine and eliminate waste materials outside the body. Each human holds roughly one million microscopic nephrons in their kidney which are packed in the renal cortex. Nephrons constitute the structural and functional part of the kidney.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The role of ADH in water reabsorption.

Concept introduction

Antidiuretic hormone maintains the blood pressure, blood volume and tissue water content by managing the amount of water. Kidney function adjusts continuously to maintain homeostasis. Hormone-like antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps the kidney to maintain homeostasis. ADH triggers the reabsorption of more water from the distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct so the urine becomes more concentrated.

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The process by which kidneys help to control blood $\text{pH}$, blood pressure, and blood oxygen content.

Concept introduction

The urinary system of a human is composed of paired kidneys and ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The main function of the urinary system is to produce urine and eliminate waste materials outside the body. Each human holds roughly one million microscopic nephrons in their kidney which are packed in the renal cortex. The urinary system also helps in regulating blood volume, blood $\text{pH}$ and electrolyte levels in the human body.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The process by which mammalian kidneys are adapted to the wet and dry environment.

Concept introduction

The kidney is an important part of the mammalian urinary system which helps in the formation of urine. The urinary system is composed of paired kidneys and ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The main function of the urinary system is to produce urine and eliminate waste materials outside the body.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The process by which the urinary systems of freshwater and saltwater fishes differ. Give reasons.

Concept introduction

The fishes live in both freshwater and saltwater bodies. The saltwater bodies have more dissolved salt than the freshwater bodies. The fishes living in saltwater and freshwater bodies have different mechanisms of water regulation.