CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS-TEXT,AP ED.
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780136811206
Author: Urry
Publisher: SAVVAS L
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Textbook Question
Chapter 37, Problem 9TYU
DRAW IT Suppose a researcher inserts a pair of electrodes at two different positions along the middle of an axon dissected out of a squid. By applying a depolarizing stimulus, the researcher brings the plasma membrane at both positions to threshold. Using the drawing below as a model, create one or more drawings that illustrate where each action potential would terminate.
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repeatedly stimulated, and recordings are made of the response. What effect would you expect to observe? Hint: think
3) What response would you predict in a post-synaptic cell in the above situation?
Follow directions and answer the following questions:
A drug that blocks ATPase enzymes (enzymes that hydrolyze ATP) is introduced into a neuron. The neuron is then
1) What is the effect of AP frequency on the amount of transmitter released at the terminal?
Activity 8: Synaptic Transmission at Axon Termines
Apply Your Knowledge
of the role of the Na+/K+ ATPase in the physiology of a neuron.
Consider what happens in a segment of membrane during an action potential. In the first column, drag and drop the stages of change
in the membrane potential during an action potential. In the second column, match the ion channels related to the membrane stages.
A membrane starts at: Resting Membrane Potential
lon channels involved
voltage-gated
potassium channels
open
Then goes to
Depolarization
voltage-gated channels
closed
Then to
voltage-gated sodium
channels open
Then to
Resting
Repolarization
Three currents are produced by a 56 mV depolarization leading to an action
potential in a squid axon membrane during a voltage clamp experiment as
shown. What is the mechanism underlying the capacitive current?
56 mV Depolarization
Capacitative
current
Late current
Early current
Time (ms)
Opening of Na* channels
Current due to the Na/K*
pump
O Neutralization of the charge on the membrane
Opening of K channels
Membrane
Membeane
current imA/cm potential (mV)
Chapter 37 Solutions
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS-TEXT,AP ED.
Ch. 37.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 37.1 - Describe the basic pathway of information flow...Ch. 37.1 - WHAT IF? How might increased branching of an axon...Ch. 37.2 - Under what circumstances could ions flow through...Ch. 37.2 - WHAT IF? Suppose a cells membrane potential shifts...Ch. 37.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 37.3 - How do action potentials and graded potentials...Ch. 37.3 - In multiple sclerosis (from the Greek skleros,...Ch. 37.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 37.3 - WHAT IF? Suppose a mutation caused gated sodium...
Ch. 37.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 37.4 - Organophosphate pesticides work by inhibiting...Ch. 37.4 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Name one or more membrane...Ch. 37 - What happens when a resting neuron's membrane...Ch. 37 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 37 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 37 - Why are action potentials usually conducted in one...Ch. 37 - Which of the following is a direct result of...Ch. 37 - Suppose a particular neurotransmitter causes an...Ch. 37 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 37 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 37 - DRAW IT Suppose a researcher inserts a pair of...Ch. 37 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 37 - FOCUS ON EVOLUTION An action potential is an...Ch. 37 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 37 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE The rattlesnake alerts...
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- The graph shows a tracing of membrane potential change during the course of an action potential in a typical neuron. Predict the effect of exposure to the following neurotoxins. Briefly explain how you would expect the action potential to change in the presence of each toxin and why. A toxin produced by puffer fish which specifically binds to voltage-gated sodium channels and blocks the flow of sodium ions through the channel. A toxin found in scoprion venom which slows the closure of voltage-gated sodium channel inactivation gates. Assume that the cell is normally brought to threshold by an electrical stimulus applied to it, so that any change is due only to the presence of the toxin Precise values for voltage and duration are not important, just a general trend in how the action potential may differ from the typical trace shown is expected.arrow_forwardFigure 2.9 shows synaptic connections to produce a cell that responds to “A or B” or “A and B.” Construct a diagram for a cell that responds to “A and B if not C.”arrow_forwardPhotoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye convert visible light into signals. They have special ion channels that are open to Na+ only in the dark. Visible light activation results in a change in membrane potential, as photons lead to closure of Na+ channels. Which of the following can you conclude? Select all that apply. Photoreceptor membrane potential does not change in response to light The photoreceptor cell is depolarized in the dark The photoreceptor cells is depolarized with light Photoreceptor cells hyperpolarize to lightarrow_forward
- You are obtaining extracellular recordings from the latetal axons of the earth worm. The distance from the stimulating cathode to the first recording electrode is 60mm and 85mm to the second recording electrode. The time from stimulation to arrival of the action potential at the first recording electrode is 5msec and to the second recording electrode is 10msec. The conduction velocity of this axon would be meters per second. 05 0.2 Ⓒ10 3arrow_forwardJose measures membrane potential in two neighboring cells. He notices that when the membrane potential changes in one cell, the membrane potential of the neighboring cell changes in a similar manner. For example, if one cell hyperpolarizes, the neighboring cell also hyperpolarizes. He concludes the cells are electrically coupled. Which of the following is the most likely to cause the electrical coupling? a.) The electrical coupling is most probably due to integrins that connect the two cells. b.) The electrical coupling is most probably due to tight junctions that connect the two cells. c.) The electrical coupling is most probably due to desmosomes that connect the two cells. d.) The electrical coupling is most probably due to gap junctions that connect the two cells.arrow_forwardIn terms of a gated channel what is the difference between a threshold stimulus and a sub threshold stimulus?arrow_forward
- Which of the following describe(s) the difference(s) between an EPSP and an IPSP? Select all that apply. An EPSP is actively reproduced as it travels along the axon, whereas an IPSP is a graded potential that decreases in strength with time and distance. An EPSP moves the cell closer to threshold, whereas an IPSP moves the cell away from threshold. An EPSP results from the movement of Cl- ions into the cell, whereas an IPSP results from movement of Na+ ions into the cell. An EPSP is a result of depolarization of the cell membrane, whereas an IPSP is a result of hyperpolarization of the membrane.arrow_forwardConsider a typical mammalian neuron with all of the appropriate membrane channels. If you know that neuron is at rest, at a temperature of 37°C and you know the intracellular and extracellular concentration of the potassium, which of the following statements is most likely to be true? a. The equilibrium potential of potassium would be negative if the concentration of potassium is higher on the inside. b. The equilibrium potential of potassium would be positive if the concentration of potassium is higher on the inside c. The equilibrium potential of potassium cannot be calculated because the Nernst equation requires that you know the concentration of all ions d. The equilibrium potential of potassium be zero if the concentration of potassium is higher on the outside e. None of the abovearrow_forwardHow can molecules pass through a closed gate such as in ligand-gated channel protein? Group of answer choices Receptor must receive pressure to open the gate. Receptor must receive electrical signals to open the gate. Receptor must receive signals or stimulus from the neurotransmitter to open the gate. The ligand-gated channel protein is always open, and it does need any stimulusarrow_forward
- Repolarization is when the cell membrane potential becomes more positive the sodium channels open on the membrane the calcium channels open on the membranc the cell membrane potential becomes more negative.arrow_forwardIn an experiment, the extracellular [Na+] surrounding a nerve cell was reduced from 145 to 45 mM. Which of the following is the most likely effect of this on action potentials? No action potentials would occur because the concentration of extracellular Na+ is too low. The membrane potential would become more negative so the threshold for action potential generation could not be reached. The nerve cell would still produce an action potential but its amplitude would be reduced and the depolarisation phase would be slower. The nerve cell would still produce an action potential but its amplitude would be reduced and the depolarization phase would be more rapid.arrow_forwardvoltmeter microelectrode electrode Giant squid axon A voltmeter was used to measure the potential difference across the cell membrane of a giant squid axon. Which of the following best explains the voltmeter reading? Select one: a. The threshold potential has not been reached. b. The sodium potassium exchange pumps are working to take out the sodium ions and bring in the potassium ions. c. The potassium ions have rushed out of the axon, and the potassium channels are slow to shut down. d. The sodium ions have rushed into the axon, and the sodium channels are closing.arrow_forward
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