Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780133923001
Author: Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk, Bruce E. Byers
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 37.2, Problem 1CSC
If phagocytes kill most species of bacteria that enter mucous membranes or a wound, how did infection kill Jim Henson and destroy Aimee Copeland’s tissues? Both S pyogenes and deadly strains of A. hydrophila are surrounded by polysaccharide capsules that phagocytic cells often do not recognize as foreign. Consequently, the phagocytes do not attack these bacteria. If such nonspecific defenses fail, can the adaptive immune response step in?
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Inflammation is the hallmark of an activated immune response. Explain how inflammation is triggered by both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Are the inflammatory cells the same for both methods of activation? Why does inflammation subside as an infection is controlled?
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Chapter 37 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
Ch. 37.1 - compare and contrast the terms microbe and...Ch. 37.1 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.2 - If phagocytes kill most species of bacteria that...Ch. 37.2 - describe the external barriers to Infection,...Ch. 37.2 - Prob. 1TCCh. 37.2 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.3 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 37.3 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.4 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 37.4 - Prob. 2CYL
Ch. 37.4 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 37.5 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 37.5 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.6 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 37.6 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.7 - explain how antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and...Ch. 37.7 - Prob. 1ETCh. 37.7 - Prob. 1HYEWCh. 37.7 - Prob. 1TCCh. 37.7 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.8 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 37.8 - What might be the evolutionary advantage of...Ch. 37.9 - Prob. 1CSRCh. 37.9 - Prob. 1CTCh. 37.9 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 37.9 - describe current medical treatments against...Ch. 37 - Why is it essential that antibodies and T-cell...Ch. 37 - External defenses against microbial invasion...Ch. 37 - Prob. 1MCCh. 37 - Prob. 1RQCh. 37 - Prob. 2ACCh. 37 - Prob. 2FIBCh. 37 - Prob. 2MCCh. 37 - Prob. 2RQCh. 37 - Prob. 3FIBCh. 37 - Molecules that label your cells as self are a....Ch. 37 - Describe humoral immunity and cell-mediated...Ch. 37 - Prob. 4FIBCh. 37 - Prob. 4MCCh. 37 - Prob. 4RQCh. 37 - Prob. 5FIBCh. 37 - The immune system usually does not attack your...Ch. 37 - Prob. 5RQCh. 37 - Prob. 6FIBCh. 37 - Prob. 6RQCh. 37 - What are memory cells? How do they contribute to...Ch. 37 - Prob. 8RQCh. 37 - Prob. 9RQCh. 37 - Prob. 10RQCh. 37 - Prob. 11RQ
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- What is the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?arrow_forward. Inflammation is the hallmark of an active immune response.Explain how inflammation is triggered by innate immunemechanisms. Why does inflammation subside as aninfection is controlled?arrow_forwardOpsonization of pathogens by both antibodies and complement proteins (C3b) leads to uptake and destruction of the pathogen by phagocytic cells that express both Fc receptors and complement receptors. Which of the following in the figure below is the most efficient form of dual opsonization of the pathogen by antibody and C3b to maximize phagocytosis?arrow_forward
- Some primitive organisms, such as invertebrates, have no lymphocytes and thus lack an adaptive immune system, but they have somecomponents of an innate immune system, including phagocytes andcertain protective proteins. What are some general features of innateimmunity that make it very valuable to organisms lacking more specific antibody- and cell-mediated responses? What are some disadvantages to having only an innate immune system?arrow_forwardIn addition to phagocytosis, neutrophils use a process called NETs. Which one of the following describes this process? Group of answer choices A. NETs is a neutrophil process that activates the complement system of proteins, which destroys pathogens. B. A net-like structure of DNA, histones, lactoferrins, gelatinase, cathepsin G, and myeloperoxidase is secreted at pathogens. Together these chemicals destroy pathogens. C. NETs works when neutrophils secrete major basic proteins onto pathogens, destroying the pathogens' cell membranes. D. NETs are chemicals secreted by neutrophils that trigger the rapid maturation of lymphoid stem cells into lymphocytes.arrow_forwardThis week you learned about the role that macrophages, neutrophils, and cytokines play in the innate immune response and looked at how they contribute to the development of inflammation and the inflammatory and the acute phase response. In certain bacterial illnesses, particularly lung infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a physician may not treat the patient with antibiotics (which will kill the microorganisms), but rather give the patient anti-inflammatory medications. Why might a physician choose to inhibit inflammation in the case of an infection? What types of damage might the inflammatory response do to the surrounding tissues, not just the bacteria it was designed to combat?arrow_forward
- What will happen to the human immune system when a microorganism invading the body lacks the inherent ability to activate complement or bind to phagocytes?arrow_forwardThe immune system can be split into two major categories, the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. Compare and contrast these two systems and their response to a bacterial pathogen that entered the body through a cut in the skin. In your answer describe two ways in which the innate immune system protects against this pathogen, as well as two ways that the adaptive immune system protectS against this pathogen. Be sure to name any cells/organs/tissues/structures that may be involved in each of these processes in order to receive full marks. This can be done as a list in point form.arrow_forwardHelper T cells are affected by HIV, how come is this receptor key to the immune system? which line of defense are we referring to? How is it connected to the immune system and which line of defense? Hence, based on your prompt, how are cytokines linked to the defense mechanism of HIV virus? Do you know or can you explain the cascade of events dealing with PAMPS, TLRs, interferon? What do they have to do with the second line of defense?arrow_forward
- Ingestion of complement-tagged pathogens by phagocytes is mediated by receptors for the bound complement proteins. Even when the complement cascade fails to proceed beyond generating the C3 convertase, complement activation is effective at inducing pathogen uptake and destruction. This process of immune protection is mediated by: Activation of complement inhibitory receptors on phagocytes that promote pathogen uptake Activation of soluble proteases in the serum that disrupt pathogen membranes Engagement of complement receptors on phagocytes by C3b and its cleavage products which promotes phagocytosis Engagement of complement receptors on B cells that promotes antibody production Stimulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion by phagocytesarrow_forwardA hypothetical disorder prevents memory cells from forming. What effect would this have on the immune system? B lymphocytes would be affected, but not T lymphocytes, Vaccinations would no longer be useful, The inflammatory response would no longer be effective, or The adaptive immune response would cease to function, but the innate immune response would continue to function normally.arrow_forwardWhat are some important phagocytes in vertebrates?arrow_forward
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