Concept explainers
State the first and second laws of
To state: The first and second law of thermodynamics.
Introduction: The energy can be converted from one form to another and it exists in either of the two forms, namely, potential or kinetic. The stored energy is potential energy. It can be converted to kinetic energy, which is known as the energy of motion.
Explanation of Solution
First law of thermodynamics: It states that in the universe, the energy level is constant, which means energy cannot be created or destroyed. The energy can be converted from one form to another.
Second law of thermodynamics: This law states that the closed system normally moves in the direction of increasing entropy or disorder.
To explain: The paradox that the living system seems to violate the second law of thermodynamics because a high degree of organization is maintained by the living things despite a universal trend in the direction of increasing disorganization.
Explanation of Solution
Living systems are not a closed system. They are open systems. The living things maintain their organization as well as increase it, as during the animal development from egg to adult. They get their energy from their surroundings and therefore, they are not subject to the second law of thermodynamics.
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Chapter 4 Solutions
INTEG.PRIN.OF ZOOLOGY-EBOOK CODE
- Which of the following statements is most directly described by the first law of thermodynamics? A B с D The synthesis of highly-ordered biomolecules is coupled with the production of heat energy. All energy-transferring processes involve the loss of some of that energy into an unus- able form. Enzymes reduce the activation energy of chemical energy by stabilizing substrates at their transition states. The energy for the synthesis of glucose is provided by the absorption of light energy in chlorophyll pigments.arrow_forwardwhat is the importance of the first law of thermodynamics in biological systems, especially living organisms?arrow_forwardLife is sometimes described as a constant struggle against the second law of thermodynamics. How do organisms succeed in this struggle?arrow_forward
- Consider the following endothermic reaction at equilibrium: H2(g) + Zn2+(aq) ⇌ Zn(s) + 2 H+(aq) Which of the following disturbances will result in the reaction going forward to re-establish equilibrium? (Select all that apply.) None of these Correct Answer Increase temperature at constant pressure. Correct! Add liquid water. Decrease in partial pressure of H2(g). Decrease container volume at constant temperature. Adding the strong acid, HNO3. (Consider any change in solution volume is negligible.) Removing some solid zinc. Adding the soluble salt, magnesium nitrate, Zn(NO3)2. Adding the soluble salt, sodium sulfide, Na2S.arrow_forwardLiving organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is a description of an example of the second law of thermodynamics? Some chemical energy in glucose transforms to chemical energy in ATP. O The kinetic energy of wind turns the blades of a wind turbine. The chemical energy in gasoline is transformed to kinetic energy to drive a car. The mechanical energy of flowing water turns a turbine. Some chemical energy in gasoline is transformed to heat while driving a car.arrow_forward
- Within biological systems, there are always reactions that seem to occur when thermodynamically, they should not. An example is in the process of glycolysis (the conversion of glucose to pyruvate) which has ΔG°' = 2183.6 kJ/mol. How is glycolysis possible with such a large, positive ΔG°', when cells are governed by the laws of thermodynamics?arrow_forwardHow it is that cells are making larger, more complex molecules, yet they do not defy the second law of thermodynamics? (note: cells are open systems not closed)arrow_forwardConsider a reaction with the following thermodynamic properties. AH° 77.7 kJ AS° -35.7 J/(K⚫ mol) AG 88.4 kJ This reaction: has bonds in the products that are weaker than the reactants. may have fewer and more complicated molecules in the product. will proceed very slowly. will be spontaneous at low temperatures. Submitarrow_forward
- 1. Given the following values for the changes in enthalpy (∆H) and entropy (∆S), which of the following processes can take place at 298 K without violating the Second Law of Thermodynamics?arrow_forwardWhy the endergonic reactions are thermodynamically unfavorable?Although endergonic reactions are thermodynamically unfavorable, yet many such reactions occur in the human body. Suppose the human body is an isolated system. Then how those reactions can be carried out in the human body?arrow_forwardThe first and second laws of thermodynamics are useful for biochemists who investigate chemical reactions in living organisms. Explain why the third law is not useful.arrow_forward
- Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax