Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture
Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781284123036
Author: Linda Null
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Learning
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Chapter 4, Problem 41E

Explanation of Solution

Trace out for given “Example 4.3”:

Tracing the program is the process of documenting the state of the various aspects of the execution of the program over assembly instruction. Every instruction has the process like fetch, store, and decode which are used to determine the desired outcome to execute the program.

This tracing has address, label, instruction, RTN, and values of each registers. The trace out for given code “example 4.3” is as follows:

Instruction: Load X

StepRTNPCIRMARMBRAC
(initial values) 100----
FetchMARßPC100-100--
 IRßM[MAR]100110C100--
 PCßPC+1101110C100--
DecodeMARßIR[11-0]101110C10C--
 (Decode IR[15-12]101110C10C--
Get operandMBRßM[MAR]101110C10C000C-
ExecuteACßAC-MBR101110C10C000C000C

Instruction: Subt Y

StepRTNPCIRMARMBRAC
(initial values) 101110C10C000C000C
FetchMARßPC101110C101000C000C
 IRßM[MAR]101410D101000C000C
 PCßPC+1102410D101000C000C
DecodeMARßIR[11-0]102410D101000C000C
 (Decode IR[15-12]102410D10D000C000C
Get operandMBRßM[MAR]102410D10D0014000C
ExecuteACßAC-MBR102410D10D0014FFF8

Instruction: Skipcond 400

StepRTNPCIRMARMBRAC
(initial values) 102410D10D0014FFF8
FetchMARßPC102410D1020014FFF8
 IRßM[MAR]10284001020014FFF8
 PCßPC+110384001020014FFF8
DecodeMARßIR[11-0]10384004000014FFF8
 (Decode IR[15-12]10384004000014FFF8
Get operandNot necessary10384004000014FFF8
ExecuteDo nothing10384004000014FFF8

Instruction: Jump Else

StepRTNPCIRMARMBRAC
(initial values) 10384004000014FFF8
FetchMARßPC10384001030014FFF8
 IRßM[MAR]10391081030014FFF8
 PCßPC+110491081030014FFF8
DecodeMARßIR[11-0]10491081080014FFF8
 (Decode IR[15-12]10491081080014FFF8
Get operandNot necessary10491081080014FFF8
ExecutePCßIR[11-0]1089108108000CFFF8

Instruction: Load Y

StepRTNPCIRMARMBRAC
(initial values) 1089108108000CFFF8
FetchMARßPC1089108108000CFFF8
 IRßM[MAR]108110D108000CFFF8
 PCßPC+1109110D108000CFFF8
DecodeMARßIR[11-0]109110D10D000CFFF8
 (Decode IR[15-12]109110D10D000CFFF8
Get operandMBRßM[MAR]109110D10D0014FFF8
ExecuteACßMBR109110D10D00140014

Instruction: Subt X

StepRTNPCIRMARMBRAC
(initial values) 109110D10D00140014
FetchMARßPC109110D10900140014
 IRßM[MAR]109410C10900140014
 PCßPC+110A410C10900140014
DecodeMARßIR[11-0]10A410C10C00140014
 (Decode IR[15-12]10A410C10C00140014
Get operandMBRßM[MAR]10A410C10C000C0014
ExecuteACßAC-MBR10A410C10C000C0008

Instruction: Store Y

StepRTNPCIRMARMBRAC
(initial values) 10A410C10C000C0008
FetchMARßPC10A410C10A000C0008
 IRßM[MAR]10A210D10A000C0008
 PCßPC+110B210D10A000C0008
DecodeMARßIR[11-0]10B210D10D000C0008
 (Decode IR[15-12]10B210D10D000C0008
Get operandNot necessary10B210D10D000C0008
ExecuteMBRßAC10B210D10D00080008
(Changes Y)M[MAR]ßMBR10B210D10D00080008

Instruction: Halt

StepRTNPCIRMARMBRAC
(initial values) 10B210D10D00080008
FetchMARßPC10B210D10B00080008
 IRßM[MAR]10B700010B00080008
 PCßPC+110C700010B00080008
DecodeMARßIR[11-0]10C700000000080008
 (Decode IR[15-12]10C700000000080008
Get operandNot necessary10C700000000080008
(Changes Y)Terminate program10C700000000080008

Explanation:

From above tables, the register values is based on instruction and each register value being modified according to the micro operation. The new values are shaded in above table which is based on instruction execution.

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Chapter 4 Solutions

Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture

Ch. 4 - Prob. 11RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 12RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 13RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 14RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 15RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 16RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 17RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 18RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 19RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 20RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 21RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 22RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 23RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 24RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 25RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 26RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 27RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 28RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 29RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 30RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 31RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 32RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 33RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 34RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 35RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 37RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 38RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 39RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 40RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 41RETCCh. 4 - Prob. 1ECh. 4 - Prob. 2ECh. 4 - Prob. 3ECh. 4 - Prob. 4ECh. 4 - Prob. 5ECh. 4 - Prob. 6ECh. 4 - Prob. 7ECh. 4 - Prob. 8ECh. 4 - Prob. 9ECh. 4 - Prob. 10ECh. 4 - Prob. 11ECh. 4 - Prob. 12ECh. 4 - Prob. 13ECh. 4 - Prob. 14ECh. 4 - Prob. 15ECh. 4 - Prob. 16ECh. 4 - Prob. 17ECh. 4 - Prob. 18ECh. 4 - Prob. 19ECh. 4 - Prob. 20ECh. 4 - Prob. 21ECh. 4 - Prob. 22ECh. 4 - Prob. 23ECh. 4 - Prob. 24ECh. 4 - Prob. 25ECh. 4 - Prob. 26ECh. 4 - Prob. 27ECh. 4 - Prob. 28ECh. 4 - Prob. 29ECh. 4 - Prob. 30ECh. 4 - Prob. 31ECh. 4 - Prob. 32ECh. 4 - Prob. 33ECh. 4 - Prob. 34ECh. 4 - Prob. 35ECh. 4 - Prob. 36ECh. 4 - Prob. 37ECh. 4 - Prob. 38ECh. 4 - Prob. 39ECh. 4 - Prob. 41ECh. 4 - Prob. 42ECh. 4 - Prob. 43ECh. 4 - Prob. 44ECh. 4 - Prob. 45ECh. 4 - Prob. 46ECh. 4 - Prob. 47ECh. 4 - Prob. 48ECh. 4 - Prob. 49ECh. 4 - Prob. 50ECh. 4 - Prob. 51ECh. 4 - Prob. 52ECh. 4 - Prob. 53ECh. 4 - Prob. 54ECh. 4 - Prob. 55ECh. 4 - Prob. 56ECh. 4 - Prob. 57ECh. 4 - Prob. 58ECh. 4 - Prob. 59ECh. 4 - Prob. 60ECh. 4 - Prob. 61ECh. 4 - Prob. 62ECh. 4 - Prob. 63ECh. 4 - Prob. 64ECh. 4 - Prob. 67ECh. 4 - Prob. 1TFCh. 4 - Prob. 2TFCh. 4 - Prob. 3TFCh. 4 - Prob. 4TFCh. 4 - Prob. 5TFCh. 4 - Prob. 6TFCh. 4 - Prob. 7TFCh. 4 - Prob. 8TFCh. 4 - Prob. 9TFCh. 4 - Prob. 10TF
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