Concept explainers
The following reaction is a common synthesis used in the
When we double the concentration of methoxide ion (CH3O−), we find that the reaction rate doubles. When we triple the concentration of 1-bromobutane, we find that the reaction rate triples.
- a. What is the order of this reaction with respect to 1-bromobutane? What is the order with respect to methoxide ion? Write the rate equation for this reaction. What is the overall order?
- b. One lab textbook recommends forming the sodium methoxide in methanol solvent, but before adding 1-bromobutane, it first distills off enough methanol to reduce the mixture to half of its original volume. What difference in rate will we see when we run the reaction (using the same amounts of reagents) in half the volume of solvent?
(a)
To determine: The order of the given reaction with respect to 1-bromobutane and methoxide ion, rate equation and overall order of the reaction.
Interpretation: The order of the given reaction with respect to 1-bromobutane and methoxide ion, rate equation and overall order of the reaction is to be predicted.
Concept introduction: The order of the reaction is the sum of stoichiometric coefficients of reactants that governs the rate of the reaction. When rate of the reaction is independent to the concentration of the reactants, it called zero order reaction.
Answer to Problem 4.34SP
The order of the given reaction with respect to 1-bromobutane and methoxide ion is
Explanation of Solution
The given balanced chemical equation is,
It is given that the rate of the reaction changes when concentration of 1-bromobutane and methoxide ion is changed. This shows that the rate of the reaction depends upon the concentration of reactants.
The rate equation of the given reaction is expressed as,
Where,
The rate equation shows that the rate of reaction depends upon the concentration of 1-bromobutane and methoxide ion. The value of stoichiometric coefficient on 1-bromobutane and methoxide ion concentration term in rate equation is
The order of the reaction is the sum of stoichiometric coefficient in rate equation. Therefore, the overall order of the given reaction is
(b)
To determine: The difference in the rate, when the reaction is run in half the volume of solvent.
Interpretation: The difference in the rate, when the reaction is run in half the volume of solvent is to be predicted.
Concept introduction: The order of the reaction is the sum of stoichiometric coefficients of reactants that governs the rate of the reaction. When rate of the reaction is independent to the concentration of the reactants, it called zero order reaction.
Answer to Problem 4.34SP
The rate of the reaction would not change if the reaction is run in half the volume of solvent because the rate of the reaction depends upon the concentration of 1-bromobutane and methoxide ion.
Explanation of Solution
The rate equation of the given reaction is expressed as,
Where,
The rate equation shows that the rate of reaction depends upon the concentration of 1-bromobutane and methoxide ion. There is no effect on the rate of the reaction if concentration of solvent is changed. Therefore, the rate of the reaction would not change if the reaction is run in half the volume of solvent.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 4 Solutions
ORGANIC CHEM LL W/MODIFIED MASTERING
- Another important pattern in organic synthesis is the construction of CC bonds. Using your reaction roadmap as a guide, show how to convert propane into hex-1-en-4-yne. You must use propane as the source of all of the carbon atoms in the hex-1-en-4-yne product. Show all reagents needed and all molecules synthesized along the way.arrow_forwardDraw structures of compounds that fit the following descriptions: a) An , unsaturated ketone, C9H8O b) An diketone c) An aromatic ketone, C9H10O d) A diene aldehyde, C7H8Oarrow_forwardComplete the following acid-base reactions. (a) CH3CH2CH2CH2Li + CH3COOH (b) CH3CH2CH2CH2MgBr + CH3CH2OHarrow_forward
- Alcohols can be made by reacting alkyl halides with sodium hydroxide as follows:RX +. NaOH ROH + NaX Give the names and formulas of the alcohols produced from the following alkyl bromides by this method:(a) 2-bromobutane(b) 2-bromo-3-ethylpentane(c) bromocyclopentanearrow_forwardThe pictured reaction shows an alkyl bromide being converted into an alkene. Choose all reagents that would produce the pictured alkene as the major product. A) NaOH/H2O B) H2O C) tBuOK/tBuOH D) EtONa/EtOHarrow_forward2,4,6-Trinitrophenol is known by the common name picricacid. Picric acid is a solid but is readily soluble in water. Insolution, it is used as a biological tissue stain. As a solid,it is also known to be unstable and may explode. In thisway, it is similar to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Draw thestructures of picric acid and TNT. Why is picric acid readily soluble in water, whereas TNT is not?arrow_forward
- Draw the structure of each product from the reaction of benzene with 2-chloro-1-methylcyclohexane using AlCl 3 as the catalyst and Identify the major product.arrow_forwardOrganic Chemistry Indicate which carbocation is the most stable carbocation and which carbocation is the least stable carbocation?Çok Satırlı Metin.arrow_forwardThe addition reaction of an acid (HBr) to an alkene (CH3CH=CH2) follows Markovnikov's rule and involves: A) initial attack by Br– B) initial attack by Br• C) isomerization of CH3CH2CH2Br D) formation of a primary carbocation. E) formation of a secondary carbonation. (F) Formation of allyl carbocationarrow_forward
- When (CH3CH2)3CBr is added to CH3OH at room temperature, the major product is (CH3O)C(CH2CH3)3 and a minor product is CH3CH=C(CH2CH3)2. Propose a mechanism for the product that is formed by the substitution reaction. Use curved arrows to show the movement of electrons.arrow_forwardthe action of halogenated derivatives of alkanes with KOH: CnH2n + 1 Cl + KOH = CnH2n + 2O + KCl is: a) radical substitution b) nucleophilic substitution c) electrophilic substitution d) addition reactionarrow_forward2-bromobutane + cyclohexanol +NaH —> (major product)arrow_forward
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage Learning