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Concept explainers
To discuss:
How alternative splicing partially explains the diversity of human protein that exceeds the number of human genes.
Introduction:
DNA is a genetic material consisting of a long stretch of
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Chapter 4 Solutions
Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function
- The relationship between the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA and the DNA strand from which it is transcribed. Messenger RNAs are synthesized by RNA polymerases that read along a DNA template strand in the 3'→5' direction, polymerizing ribonucleotides in the 5'→3' direction. Give the nucleotide sequence (5'→3') of the DNA template strand from which the following mRNA segment was transcribed: 5'-UAG UGA CAG UUG CGAU-3’arrow_forwardThe possibility of a single locus in a DNA to code for different mRNAs. If this is possible, what would be the implications?arrow_forwardPromoters of the INS genearrow_forward
- Central Dogma of Molecular Biology from DNA to RNA to Protein, discussing the principles underlying the transfer of information in a biologic system and its regulation. However, recent research seems to challenge certain aspects of Crick’s Central Dogma. Does the Central Dogma still stand today? If not, can you find an example for a type of information transfer that is not explicitly covered by the Central Dogma (or even violates it)?arrow_forwardThe products of alternative splicing for the α-tropomyosin pre-mRNA. Let’s suppose that smooth muscle cells produce splicing factors that are not produced in other cell types. Explain where you think such splicing factors bind and how they influence the splicing of the α-tropomyosin pre-mRNA.arrow_forwardThe genetic code is both universal and degenerate. Explain how these aspects are an advantage, but also a potential disadvantage to heterologous protein production.arrow_forward
- Binding of --------- identifies the decoding center of the ribosome.arrow_forwardThe three stages of transcription (initiation, elongation, and termination) – with a focus on how RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) relates to these stages. The final product of transcriptionarrow_forwardHow miRISCs interfere with gene expression.arrow_forward
- Reading frame Frameshift Initiation factors Elongation factors. Release factors E III III III III Proteins that bind to a nonsense codon on mRNA and halt translation. Tagging defective proteins with 3 or more ubiquitins will target it for destruction. Destroys defective proteins that have been polyubiquitinated. A reversion of a mutant back to wild type function. A mutation such as an indel that shifts the triplet reading frame to a different series of nucleotides altering every downstream codon from that point onward. Open in Parrow_forwardOne of your patients, a six-year-old girl who suffers from Sickle cell anemia, an inherited blood disorder in which red blood cells are abnormally shaped and fragile, leading to a short supply of red blood cells. These abnormal cells can also get stuck in small vessels, which prevent blood flow, leading to fatigue, pain and other severe complications. What is the name of the process in which each peptide is actually assembled, and where does this process take place? transcription, on ribosomes translation, in the nucleus translation, on ribosomes transcription, in the nucleusarrow_forwardHow many tRNA molecules can associate with a ribosome at any given time during translationarrow_forward
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