Biological Science (6th Edition)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780321976499
Author: Scott Freeman, Kim Quillin, Lizabeth Allison, Michael Black, Emily Taylor, Greg Podgorski, Jeff Carmichael
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 45, Problem 2TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
The muscular contraction was explained by the sliding filament theory, which was proposed by Huxley and Hansen in 1954. Actin and myosin are the two types of proteins found in the muscle fiber. During contraction, the myosin molecules move along the actin molecules. This process requires the expenditure of energy, which is provided by phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
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Myosin binds to actin, then bends. What is ATP needed for next?
A. to pump the Ca++ “keys” back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
B. to replace the strap and cover the binding sites
C. to give feedback to the neuron that contraction occurred
D. to un-bind myosin from actin and re-set for another powerstroke.
Which of the following statements best describes the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction?
a. Actin and myosin filaments do not shorten, but rather, slide past each other.
b. Actin and myosin filaments shorten and slide past each other.
c. As they slide past each other, actin filaments shorten, but myosin filaments do not shorten.
d. As they slide past each other, myosin filaments shorten, but actin filaments do not shorten.
During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber,calcium ions(A) break cross-bridges as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP.(B) bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosinbinding sites on actin are exposed.(C) transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to themuscle fiber.(D) spread action potentials through the T tubules.
Chapter 45 Solutions
Biological Science (6th Edition)
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- In muscle cells, magnesium ions compete with calcium ions for binding sites on troponin molecules. If a person has too high a concentration of magnesium ions in the blood, magnesium ions can prevent calcium ions from binding troponin. A) What effect would this have on muscle contraction (strengthen, weaken, or no effect)? B) Use your knowledge of how muscle fibers contract to explain your answer in part A.arrow_forwardWhen sarcomeres contract during muscle contraction, which of the following occurs?  A. The myosin filaments lengthen.  B. The myosin filaments "walk" along the actin microfilaments.  C. The myosin filaments shorten.  D. The actin filaments shorten.arrow_forwardWhat does ATP binding to myosin head triggers?   a. Its association with microtubules   b. Its dissociation from actin microfilament   c. Conformational change and rotation of myosin head   d. Its association with actin microfilamentarrow_forward
- What happens when myosin filaments hydrolyze ATP molecules in muscles?  a. Actin–myosin complexes dissociate, leading to muscle contraction.  b. Actin–myosin complexes dissociate, leading to muscle relaxation.  c. Actin–myosin complexes are formed, leading to muscle contraction.  d. Actin–myosin complexes are formed, leading to muscle relaxation.arrow_forwardUnlike skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells________."  A do not use the sliding filament mechanism of contraction  B are not striated  C do not rely on an influx of Ca+2 for contraction to occur  D do not require neural stimulation to contractarrow_forwardA bacterial toxin is known to block the release of ACh at the motor end plate of skeletal muscle. Consequently, a. the skeletal muscle contracts with increasing force. b. the skeletal muscle contracts with increasing frequency. c. the ability to stimulate the muscle is impaired. d. other neurotransmitters would stimulate the muscle.arrow_forward
- What might happen if skeletal muscle lacked tropomyosin? Â A. The striation pattern would disappear. Â B. Ca2+Â levels in the muscle would decrease. Â C. Actin and myosin would not be able to form cross-bridges. Â D. Acetylcholine would not be released into the synaptic cleft. Â E. Myosin and actin would form cross-bridges whenever ATP is available.arrow_forwardWhen a muscle fiber is stretched from 60% of its optimal length to Lo, what change or changes are happening on the cellular level (MULTIPLE SELECT)? A. Increased calcium release from the SR B. Increased firing of action potentials from the alpha motor neuron C. Increased rate of myosin ATPase activity D. Increased number of actin-myosin bridges E. Increased stretch on titin, producing more passive forcearrow_forwardWhich is a false statement about skeletal muscle structure?a. A myofibril is composed of multiple muscle fibers.b. Most skeletal muscles attach to bones by connective-tissue tendons.c. Each end of a thick filament is surrounded by six thin filaments.d. A cross-bridge is a portion of the myosin molecule.e. Thin filaments contain actin, tropomyosin, and troponin.arrow_forward
- Identify the organelle most likely responsible for each cellular job within skeletal muscle  a) Assemble myosin and actin (proteins which contract) b) Houses the genes c) Sorts any proteins produced d) ATP is generated e) Breaks down old or damaged myosin and actinarrow_forwardCalmodulin is found in smooth muscle cells and performs a similar function to troponin in striated muscle fibers. However, calmodulin not only gets activated by Ca2+ but also slows the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. How might this difference relate to the different kinds of contractions smooth muscles do in comparison to striated muscles?arrow_forwardThe sliding filament mechanism describes the process during which: a. actin and myosin slide relative to each other b. sarcomeres slide relative to each other c. troponin and tropomyosin slide relative to each other d. muscle fibers slide past each otherarrow_forward
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