BIOLOGY VOL. II
16th Edition
ISBN: 9781308795317
Author: Raven
Publisher: Mcgraw-Hill/Create
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Textbook Question
Chapter 46, Problem 3S
The nerve gas methylphosphonofluoridic acid (sarin) inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, required to break down acetylcholine. Based on this information, what are the likely effects of this nerve gas on muscle function?
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When the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) binds the acetylcholine receptor (a GPCR) on muscle cells, it causes them to contract. ZIGGY, a chemical analog of ACh, also binds to the same acetylcholine receptor on muscle cells, but instead causes the muscle cells to relax. For this reason, it is sometimes prescribed as a muscle relaxer. Explain in 3-4 sentences how ZIGGY could cause muscle relaxation.
How can both ZIGGY and ACh bind the same GPCR? And then how can they have different effects on the cells, despite binding to the same receptor on the same cells?
In the rare neuromuscular disorder Myasthenia Gravis, autoantibodies are produced which inhibit acetylcholine receptor (nicotinic receptor) activity. Explain how inhibition of acetylcholine receptor activity at the neuromuscular junction will affect the sequence of events in muscular excitation and contraction in response to stimuli, and muscle function? (Mention the effects on all the significant events involved in excitation and contraction of muscles, and how it would affect muscle function).
In light of the “all or none” law of muscle contraction, how can you explain twitch recruitment (also called the graded response) when stimulating the muscle versus stimulating the nerve? Explain the difference in stimulation voltage required to elicit a maximum response when stimulating the nerve versus the muscle directly?
Chapter 46 Solutions
BIOLOGY VOL. II
Ch. 46 - Exoskeletons and endoskeletons differ in that a....Ch. 46 - Worms use a hydrostatic skeleton to generate...Ch. 46 - Bone develops by one of two mechanisms depending...Ch. 46 - Which of the following statements best describes...Ch. 46 - Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction via the...Ch. 46 - Prob. 6UCh. 46 - If you wanted to study the use of ATP during a...Ch. 46 - Place the following events in the correct order....Ch. 46 - You take X-rays of two individuals. Ray has been a...Ch. 46 - You have identified a calcium storage disease in...
Ch. 46 - How do the muscles move your hand through space?...Ch. 46 - How can osteocytes remain alive within bone? a....Ch. 46 - Swimming underwater using forelimbs for propulsion...Ch. 46 - If a drug inhibits the release of ACh, what will...Ch. 46 - Prob. 1SCh. 46 - Prob. 2SCh. 46 - The nerve gas methylphosphonofluoridic acid...Ch. 46 - If natural selection favors the evolution of wings...
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