Safety of underground tunnels. Research published in the journal Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology (July 2014) evaluated the safety of underground tunnels built in rigid soils. A factor of safety (FS), measured as the ratio of capacity over demand, was determined for three different areas of tunnels made from shotcrete: tunnel face, tunnel walls, and tunnel crown. FS was determined to be
Standard Deviation (σ) | ||
Tunnel Face | 1.2 | .16 |
Tunnel Walls | 1.4 | .20 |
Tunnel Crown | 2.1 | .70 |
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- Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw Hill