EBK CAMPBELL BIOLOGY
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780136539414
Author: Reece
Publisher: VST
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Chapter 48, Problem 13TYU
Summary Introduction
To explain: The distinct role of the gated ion channels in initiation of a signal and its passage along the nerve from the head of a rattlesnake till its tail and, then from that nerve to the muscle that moves the rattle.
Introduction:
Gated ion channels are necessary for the generation and propagation of impulses. The flow of ions induces many changes in the body. The gated ion channels work in response to stimuli and accordingly alters the membrane potential. The function of the gated ion channels present in the various organs is to cause conduction.
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The giant squid axon has a diameter = 1mm and 1 = 13mm. Compared to a mammalian neuron with a diameter = 1 um and ^ = 0.2mm, which of the following is correct?
graded potentials can generate action potentials in the mammalian axon but not in the squid axon.
graded potential of similar magnitude would result in action potentials with larger amplitude in the mammalian axon
graded potentials of similar magnitude would result in action potentials with larger amplitude in the squid axon
graded potentials of similar magnitude would travel furthest from their point of origin in the mammalian axon
graded potentials of similar magnitude would travel furthest from their point of origin in the squid axon
You recently read about Justin Bieber's unfortunate run-ins with glass doors and walls. Since then, you learned about how neurons are the unique cell of the nervous system and that signals are sent via action potential along those cells. You have further learned about how signals "jump" from one neuron to the next, allowing for your nervous system to function every single day.
Explain, using language from your learning of signal transduction and the nervous system, just what Justin Bieber's neurons should have been doing to prevent his unfortunate accidents. In other words, describe how are signals received, sent, and passed along in the nervous system (a system primarily responsible for preventing people from walking into doors and walls). You may enhance your answer by comparing the effects of drug use with the inability to avoid these accidents.
*Hint: half of your response should be about neuron anatomy and action potential and the other half should be about signaling across…
Chapter 48 Solutions
EBK CAMPBELL BIOLOGY
Ch. 48.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 48.1 - Describe the basic pathway of information flow...Ch. 48.1 - WHAT IF? How might increased branching of an axon...Ch. 48.2 - Under what circumstances could ions flow through...Ch. 48.2 - WHAT IF? Suppose a cell's membrane potential...Ch. 48.2 - MAKE CONNECTiONS Review Figure 7.10, which...Ch. 48.3 - How do action potentials and graded potentials...Ch. 48.3 - In multiple sclerosis (from the Greek skleros,...Ch. 48.3 - How do both negative and positive feedback...Ch. 48.3 - WHAT IF? Suppose a mutation caused gated sodium...
Ch. 48.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 48.4 - Some pesticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the...Ch. 48.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 48 - How would severing an axon affect the flow of...Ch. 48 - Suppose you placed an isolated neuron in a...Ch. 48 - Prob. 48.3CRCh. 48 - Prob. 48.4CRCh. 48 - Level 1: Knowledge/Comprehension 1. What happens...Ch. 48 - Level 1: Knowledge/Comprehension 1. What happens...Ch. 48 - Where are neurotransmitter receptors located? (A)...Ch. 48 - Why are action potentials usually conducted in one...Ch. 48 - Which of the following is the most direct result...Ch. 48 - Suppose a particular neurotransmitter causes an...Ch. 48 - WHAT IF? Ouabain, a plant substance used in some...Ch. 48 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 48 - DRAW IT Suppose a researcher inserts a pair of...Ch. 48 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION An action potential is an...Ch. 48 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 48 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION In a short essay...Ch. 48 - Prob. 13TYU
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- How do I calculate thisarrow_forwardFor you to see the words on your compute, quite a few different types of neurons are required. what types of neurons are involved in signal transmission for you to see the words? Describe all the neural structures fro required for seeing.arrow_forwardThe action potential generated in the squid giant axon requires voltage-gated potassium channels. Describe the shape of the action potential if these channels are blocked using TEA (Tetraethylammonium).arrow_forward
- Consider the circuit from Q5 (above). We want to add another inhibitory neuron to this circuit to increase the likelihood that neuron D will have an action potential. With which cell (A, B, C or D) should our new inhibitory neuron make a synapse to make it more likely that the post - synaptic neuron will have anaction potential?The diagram below shows a simple neural circuit with three pre - synaptic cells labelled 'A', 'B' and 'C', and a post - synaptic cell labelled 'D ' (see image below). Assume neurons A and B each have outputs of +2 and neuron C has output of -1.arrow_forwardConduction velocity refers to the [a] at which an action potential travels along a neuron's axon. In invertebrates, conduction velocity can only be increased by [b]. However in vertebrates (exclusively), such as humans, conduction velocity can also be increased by [c]. This enables vertebrates to conserve [d] while still increasing conduction velocity. [a] [b] [c] [d] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ]arrow_forwardPlease help me, idk if my answer is correct and I am trying to use this to study!!arrow_forward
- Figure 1 shows the action potential graph recorded from a rat neurone and the potential changes obtained from the rat neurone when the concentration of potassium ([K*]out) and calcium ([Ca²+]out) are varied extracellularly in the bathing solution. (i) In the resting state, is the neuronal permeability to potassium more than, less than or equal to that of the permeability to calcium? Explain your answer. (ii) Vm 'The calcium ion concentrations are lower inside the cell than outside.' Justify this statement based on the graphs and the Nernst equation assuming the temperature is at 25 °C. Vm 30 0 -30 30 0- -30 0 50 AP overshoot [K+ lout 100 150 time (msec) 30 RP Figure 1 0- -30 AP overshoot RP 200 250 AP overshoot {Ca²+ Jout RParrow_forwardWhat is the difference between an action potential and a synapse? (select all that apply) The action potential moves down the axon and a synapse is between neurons. The synapse travels long distances and the action potential can only travel short distances. The action potential starts at the dendrites and the synapse starts at the ахon. The action potential is always the same and the synaptic potentials vary. the action potential involves only the postsynaptic neuron, but the synapse involves both the pre- and post-synaptic neurons.arrow_forwardThe graph shows a tracing of membrane potential change during the course of an action potential in a typical neuron. Predict the effect of exposure to the following neurotoxins. Briefly explain how you would expect the action potential to change in the presence of each toxin and why. A toxin produced by puffer fish which specifically binds to voltage-gated sodium channels and blocks the flow of sodium ions through the channel. A toxin found in scoprion venom which slows the closure of voltage-gated sodium channel inactivation gates. Assume that the cell is normally brought to threshold by an electrical stimulus applied to it, so that any change is due only to the presence of the toxin Precise values for voltage and duration are not important, just a general trend in how the action potential may differ from the typical trace shown is expected.arrow_forward
- Which best describes the process by which rod cells are activated? light strikes a rod cell at resting membrane potential K* channels open → hyperpolarization of rod stops release of an inhibitory neurotransmitter В. A. light strikes a rod cell at resting membrane potential Na channels open → depolarization of rod leads to an action potential С. light strikes a depolarized rod cell Nat channels open hyperpolarization of rod stops release of an inhibitory neurotransmitter light strikes a depolarized rod cell K* channels open hyperpolarization of rod stops release of an inhibitory neurotransmitter light strikes a depolarized rod cellNat channels close stops release of an inhibitory neurotransmitter D. Е. hyperpolarization of rod >arrow_forwardSEQUENCING: Arrange the sequence of events that happen during an action of sensory and motor systems of animals. Assign numbers, I being the first event until 6 being the last. Write your answers in your notebook. 10. receptor potential 11. action potential in sensory neuron 12. production of action response 13. receptor transduces energy of stimulus into electrical energy 14. signal transmitted to CNS 15. stimulus (such as light energy)arrow_forwardAAAAAAAAAth Fig. 3 Membrane action potential of the squid axon. The two horizontal traces are 50 millivolts apart. The resting potential in this axon was 58 millivolts. Thus the upper hori. zontal line approximately represents zero potential difference across the membrane, the lower line the resting potential (outside positive) and the action potential, starting from the resting potential, swings to 110 millivolts (outside negative). Time intervals at the bottom are 0.2 misce. 14) The figure above is reproduced from Cole & Curtis' 1940 measurement of an action potential in the squid giant axon. Assume that these experiments were done at room temperature and the squid giant axon contains the following concentrations of Na+ and K+: Na+ inside: 10 mM, outside: 100 mM K+ inside: 300 mM, outside: 10 mM Is the measured action potential peak (110 mV) what you would expect to see? Why or why not? 10arrow_forward
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