Campbell Biology Plus Masteringbiology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780321775849
Author: Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 48, Problem 48.3CR
Summary Introduction
To review: The maximum frequency per unit time at which a neuron could fire action potentials (provided that the action potential and refractory period are of the same length).
Introduction:
Action potentials occur when the depolarization shifts the membrane potential sufficiently. Action potentials are magnitude-dependant and they regenerate in the adjacent regions of the membrane.
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For a nerve fibre axoplasmic and extracellular ion concentrations were found to be respectively: Na+, 15 and 115 mM; K+, 90 and 3 mM; Cl-, 10 and 120 mM. Resting potential was -78 mV. Halving the external [Na+] caused a very slight hyperpolarization; doubling external [K+] caused considerable depolarization; halving the external [Cl-] had no effect. In each case the ions were replaced by impermeable salts. What can you deduce (with reasons) about the resting membrane conductances?
If the duration of the absolute refractory period of a neuron is 1 millisecond(ms), how many action potentials are generated by a maximal stimulusin 1 second?
What is the equilibrium potential of chloride for a typical
neuron?
We will use the following ion concentrations and equilibrium potentials:
lon Inside concentration (mM) Outside concentration (mM) Equilibrium Potential
Sodium 15
145
+60 mV
Potassium 125
5
-85 mV
Chloride 13
150
-65 mV
60mV
-80mV
-90mV
-65mV
Chapter 48 Solutions
Campbell Biology Plus Masteringbiology
Ch. 48.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 48.1 - Describe the basic pathway of information flow...Ch. 48.1 - WHAT IF? How might increased branching of an axon...Ch. 48.2 - Under what circumstances could ions flow through...Ch. 48.2 - WHAT IF? Suppose a cell's membrane potential...Ch. 48.2 - MAKE CONNECTiONS Review Figure 7.10, which...Ch. 48.3 - How do action potentials and graded potentials...Ch. 48.3 - In multiple sclerosis (from the Greek skleros,...Ch. 48.3 - How do both negative and positive feedback...Ch. 48.3 - WHAT IF? Suppose a mutation caused gated sodium...
Ch. 48.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 48.4 - Some pesticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the...Ch. 48.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 48 - How would severing an axon affect the flow of...Ch. 48 - Suppose you placed an isolated neuron in a...Ch. 48 - Prob. 48.3CRCh. 48 - Prob. 48.4CRCh. 48 - Level 1: Knowledge/Comprehension 1. What happens...Ch. 48 - Level 1: Knowledge/Comprehension 1. What happens...Ch. 48 - Where are neurotransmitter receptors located? (A)...Ch. 48 - Why are action potentials usually conducted in one...Ch. 48 - Which of the following is the most direct result...Ch. 48 - Suppose a particular neurotransmitter causes an...Ch. 48 - WHAT IF? Ouabain, a plant substance used in some...Ch. 48 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 48 - DRAW IT Suppose a researcher inserts a pair of...Ch. 48 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION An action potential is an...Ch. 48 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 48 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION In a short essay...Ch. 48 - Prob. 13TYU
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- Answer the following questions regarding conduction of action potentials using the velocities given on p. 100: a. How long would it take for an action potential to travel 0.6 m along the axon of an unmyelinated neuron of the digestive tract? b. How long would it take for an action potential to travel the same distance along the axon of a large myelinated neuron innervating a skeletal muscle? c. Suppose there were two synapses in a 0.6 m nerve tract and the delay at each synapse is 1 msec. How long would it take an action potential and chemical signal to travel the 0.6 m now, for both the myelinated and unmyelinated neurons? d. What if there were five synapses?arrow_forwardWhich of the following voltages would most likely be measured during the relative refractory period? +30 mV 0 mV -45 mV -80 mvarrow_forwardView the University of Michigan Webscope (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/nervefiber) to see an electron micrograph of a cross-section of a myelinated nerve fiber. The axon contains microtubules and neurofilaments, bounded by a plasma membrane known as the axolemma. Outside the plasma membrane of the axon is the myelin sheath, which is composed of the tightly wrapped plasma membrane of a Schwann cell. What aspects of the cells in this image react with the stain that makes them the deep, dark, black color, such as the multiple layers that are the myelin sheath?arrow_forward
- f the absolute refractory period of a neuron is 0.7 milliseconds, what is the maximum frequency of action potentials for this neuron?arrow_forwardAt the peak of the neuronal action potential, Vm is approximately +50 mV. Assuming normal intracellular and extracellular K+ concentrations ( [K+]o = 4 mM, [K+]i = 150 mM ), what is the driving force (in mV) that acts on K+ ions at the peak of the action potential?arrow_forwardIf a neuron is stimulated simultaneously by 2 stimuli at its dendrites (one generates a very large hyperpolarizing potential and the other generates a very small depolarizing potential). What would happen to this neuron? Group of answer choices The summation of these two graded potentials will generate an action potential and this action potential will travel down the axon. Summation of these two graded potentials will cause the membrane potential at the axon hillock to be more negative. These graded potentials will bring the resting membrane potential to 0 mV. These graded potentials with opposite polarity would therefore generate two action potentials and they will travel along this neuron in opposite direction.arrow_forward
- Based upon the changes in permeability seen in the trace below and your knowledge of ion distributions across a cell, predict how ion movements would change during an action potential. Drag and drop each phrase into the appropriate box on the action potential trace. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Note: not all labels will be used. ►View Available Hint(s) Sodium (Na+) ions move to the axon Sodium (Na) ions move out of the axon Less potassium (K) ions move out of the axon Potassium (K) ions move out of the axon Potassium (K¹) ions move into the axon Sodium (Na) ions stop moving in Membrane potential (mv) +30 +10 0 -10- -30 -50 -70 -90 A PNa 0 PNa 5 6 1 PK Threshold PK 2 Reset Helparrow_forwardRegarding the passive electrical properties of a neuron, calculate how the EPSP will be affected as determined by the length and time constants, when the ability of the cell membrane has a capacity of charge separation of 75% and a resistance of 60 %. The student investigating the EPSP has determined that the region of the dendrite in which the electrode shows an internal resistance of 0.5 due the diameter of this dendrite proximal to the soma.arrow_forwardYou generate action potentials in a neuron bathed in solution in a petri dish by applying a threshold-level depolarizing stimulus near its axon hillock. If the solution surrounding the neuron contained 5mM K+, 150 mM Na+, and 0 mM Ca2+ which of the following would you expect? The neuron would not be able to propagate action potentials down the entire length of the axon The neuron would not release neurotransmitter from the axon terminal The neurons action potentials would have an unusually long duration The neuron would have a resting membrane potential of zeroarrow_forward
- Summarize neuron communication from the moment of receptor stimulation to the response of an effector, such as a muscle fiber, and define neurotransmitter, resting membrane potential, and current. Define electrochemical gradients and the term “polarized”, and describe the electrochemical basis of the resting membrane potential including the function of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential. Describe graded potentials including hyperpolarizing and depolarizing graded potentials. Describe action potentials (nerve impulses) including: Thresholds All-or-none principle Phases of action potential generation Refractory periodarrow_forwardDraw details of the repolarization phase of an action potential from the following descriptions of the sequences of AfterHyperPolarization (AHP) and AfterDePolarization (ADP) sequences. Make the distinct phases clear and noticeable (5 % each) A complex AHP consisting of a first component AHP, an ADP, and a second component AHP before repolarization to resting membrane potential a first fast AHP component, followed by a slower AHP, followed by a fast ADP, and a second late AHP component before repolarization to restarrow_forwardHelp me pleasearrow_forward
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