To review:
The effects of pulmonary bypass shunt based on the body mass and body length data.
Given:
The mean body mass and the mean body length of control (blue) and experimental (red) groups of alligators, with and without exercise are shown in Figure 1, given below.
Figure 1: Mean body mass and mean body length of control (blue) and experimental (red) groups of alligators, with and without exercise.
Introduction:
In the experimental group of alligators, the right aorta near the right ventricle was closed such that blood could not flow from the right ventricle to the body. This is known as the pulmonary bypass shunt. In the control group of alligators, sham operations were carried out but the aorta was not closed.
The experimental and control group were both further divided into two groups, one which led a sedentary lifestyle and the other which were allowed to exercise (run on a treadmill) three times a week.
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LIFE: THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY
- Which best describes blood flow through the heart? O oxygenated blood comes into the heart's left atrium, is pumped into the left ventricle, then pushed throughout the body O deoxygenated blood comes into the left ventricle, is pumped into the left atrium, then pushed to the lungs to be oxygenated O oxygenated blood comes into the heart's right atrium, is pumped into the left atrium, then pushed throughout the body O deoxygenated blood comes into the heart's right atrium, is pumped into the left atrium, then pushed throughout the bodyarrow_forward1. Regarding veins: a. Where do veins carry blood? b. Is this blood generally oxygenated or deoxygenated? c. Does this rule have any exceptions? If yes, where? 2. Regarding arteries: a. Where do arteries carry blood? b. Is this blood generally oxygenated or deoxygenated? c. Does this rule have any exceptions? If yes, where? 3. Where does each atrium pump blood when it contracts? a. Right atrium: b. Left atrium: 4. Where does each ventricle pump blood when it contracts? a. Right ventricle: b. Left ventricle:arrow_forwardWhich of the following best describes the primary role of resistance vessels? Group of answer choices a.Providing nutrient supply to the walls of larger vessels b. They regulate arterial blood pressure and blood flow within the organs. c. Ensuring blood storage during periods of low cardiac output d. Directing blood flow to specific organs based on demandarrow_forward
- Which row does not correctly contract the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation? The statement above is best completed by the answers in row: Row Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation has a limited number of blood vessels has a large number of blood vessels goes between the right ventricle and the left atrium goes between the left ventricle and the right atrium veins carry oxygen-poor blood veins carry oxygen-rich blood carries blood to and from the body tissues carries blood to and from the lungsarrow_forwardWhen the alary muscles contract, the hemolymph is forced through the aorta into the head. Upon relaxation, the hemolymph enters the heart through the ostia. Once the hemolymph leaves the aorta, it fills the perineural and perivisceral sinuses, bathing the internal organs at the same time. Present your understanding of this concept through a diagram in the activity worksheet.arrow_forwardIn lecture you learned about the protective impact of collateral coronary circulation. What is the hypothesized cause of increased collateral coronary circulation? O Decreased Cardiorespiratory Fitness O Increased Cardiorespiratory Fitness O Decreased Muscular Fitness Increased Muscular Fitnessarrow_forward
- How does an increase in heart rate contribute to an increase in blood pressure? O It increases the total peripheral resistance as it increases the amount of blood entering the blood vessels per minute. O It increases the cardiac output as this is solely determined by the heart rate. O It increases the cardiac output, as this is determined by the stroke volume and the heart rate. It reduces the cardiac output, as this is inversely proportional to the heart rate. O It increases the stroke volume as it will cause an increase the force of contraction of the heart.arrow_forwardIn conditioned athletes, the resting Heart Rate is generally much lower than in non-athletes. Why? a-because long-term exercise reduces Cardiac Output at rest to conserve energy b-because athletes have a smaller Stroke Volume at rest, causing Heart Rate to decrease as well c-because long-term exercise leads to increased vagal tone which slows Heart Rate d-because athletes have stronger ventricles and therefore a larger Stroke Volume at rest, so they require fewer bpm to achieve the same Cardiac Outputarrow_forwardWhich of the following sequences shows the correct pathway of blood from body to lungs? Group of answer choices body-superior and inferior vena cava-left atrium-tricuspid valve-left ventricle-pulmonary semilunar valve- pulmonary trunk-pulmonary arteries-lungs body-superior and inferior vena cava-right atrium-bicuspid valve-right ventricle-pulmonary-semilunar valve-pulmonary trunk-pulmonary veins-lungs body-superior and inferior vena cava-right atrium-tricuspid valve-right ventricle-pulmonary-semilunar valve-pulmonary trunk-pulmonary arteries-lungs body-superior and inferior vena cava-left atrium-tricuspid valve-left ventricle-aortic semilunar valve-pulmonary trunk-pulmonary arteries-lungsarrow_forward
- What is the correct path through the circulatory system which describes the passage of blood originating in the left leg? Vena cava → left atrium → right atrium → lungs → left ventricle → right ventricle → aorta Vena cava → left atrium → left ventricle → lungs → right atrium → right ventricle → aorta Vena cava → right atrium → left atrium → lungs → right ventricle → left ventricle → aorta Vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aortaarrow_forwardAs a result of ventricular depolarization (T wave), calcium ions are returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and ventricular muscles relax. As the myocardium relaxes, the semilunar valves close. At this time which of the following is true? Group of answer choices (A) ventricular pressure > aortic pressure > atrial pressure (B) atrial pressure > ventricular pressure > aortic pressure (C) aortic pressure > ventricular pressure > atrial pressure (D) aortic pressure > atrial pressure > ventricular pressurearrow_forwardIn humans the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right ventricle. This adaptation is due to the fact that the left ventricle Select one: O a. pumps blood to the extremities of the body O b. pumps blood that is low in oxygen content O C. is smaller than the right ventricle O d. pumps blood to the left and right lungsarrow_forward
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