Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393614008
Author: Clark Spencer Larsen
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 5, Problem 1ER
Summary Introduction
To define: Bergmann’s rule and Allen’s rule in association with climate adaptation.
Introduction: The Bergmann’s rule indicates that as latitude increases, the breadth of the body also increases. However, the Bergmann's rule is applied to all the warm-blooded animals, for example, human, which must regulate its body temperature.
Summary Introduction
To give: An example of an environmental factor, which may result in the body-shape development and which can deviate from the Bergmann’s and Allen’s rule.
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Bergman's and Allen's rules apply to many animals, not just humans. Look at the following images of two different hare species.
Based on what you can see in the images and using only Bergmann's Rule and Allen's Rule, which of these hares is adapted for a cold climate and which is adapted for a hot climate? What adaptations do they have to suit their environments? Do humans living in similar environments share the same adaptations? Remember, you must use Bergman's and Allen's rules in your analysis, so be sure you know these rules and refer to them.
Can you think of any other adaptations to extreme environments found in humans or other animals? How do those adaptations compare to the adaptation being studied here?
Why is natural selection the only agent of evolution that consistently produces adaptation?
Chapter 5 Solutions
Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology (Fourth Edition)
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- What factors caused the correlation between the reduction in skin pigmentation in humans and migration of human populations away from the equator? The exposure of human populations to predators only common to the polar regions caused them to adapt by camouflaging better with the environment. The exposure of human populations to less UV light required a reduction in melanin to produce more vitamin D for healthier bones. The exposure of human populations to new sources of food common to the polar regions caused changes in physiology that resulted in the production of less melanin. The exposure of human populations to new diseases common to the polar regions interferred with melanin production causing lighter skin.arrow_forwardWhich factors were determined to directly cause the loss of skin pigmentation in humans as a result of natural selection? the impact of UV radiation on folate and Vitamin D levels in human populations the clothing worn by humans in the early 8th century the interaction of human populations with predators in colder climates a change in the diet of human populations as they settled in colder climatesarrow_forwardModern humans over-eat sugar because we love it so much. One might ask, “why are we designed by evolution to love sugar when sugar is so bad for us?” How does the concept of the “environment of evolutionary adaptation” (EEA) help us explain this and some otherwise puzzling behaviors of modern humans? Please explain EEA first.arrow_forward
- Why is reduced pigmentation of the skin advantageous for individuals from northern latitudes? What role does darker pigmentation serve for individuals near the equator? What is the relationship between skin pigmentation and fitness?arrow_forwardCompare and contrast the five patterns of natural selection that drive adaptation.arrow_forwardWhich of the following decreases the evolutionary fitness in people with darker skin color? Assume there is no dietary supplementation. A_ Low folate in areas with high UV B_ Low folate in areas with low UV C_Low vitamin D in areas with high UV D_Low vitamin D in areas with low UVarrow_forward
- What result in adaptation comes from natural selection?arrow_forwardWhich of the following statement(s) about adaptations is true? “Adaptation” is another word for “acclimatization.” or They are traits that confer increased fitness in a given environment.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true about adaptation? a) It occurs through the inheritance of acquired characteristics b) It always results in the evolution of new traits c) It is a result of chance mutations d) It is the result of natural selection acting on heritable variationarrow_forward
- If natural selection has no foresight,how can it explain features that seem to prepare organisms for future events? For example, deciduous trees at high latitudes drop their leaves before winter arrives, male birds establish territories before females arrive in the spring, and animals such as squirrels and jays store food as winter approaches.arrow_forwardWhat role do mutations play in the fragment presented above? How is the mechanism of natural selection represented in this situation? How does the reduction in body armor represent an adaptation?arrow_forwardIt has taken millions of years for the ancestors of whales to change into what we know today, as indicated in the diagram below. Based on your knowledge of evolution, which of the following is a reasonable explanation of why the organisms in the diagram changed over 25 million years? Question options: As the environment changed the food sources became more difficult to obtain so characteristics that allowed the organisms to hunt in an aquatic environment became more advantageous. As the environment changed the temperature became too hot and the organisms began to move to a more aquatic environment to keep cool. As the environment changed the food sources became more difficult to obtain so the organisms decided to change their characteristics to ones that would be beneficial when hunting in an aquatic environment. As the environment changed the predators on land became better adapted to hunting the whales ancestors forcing them to live in more aquatic…arrow_forward
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