Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Condensed structures and the systematic names for all the
Concept introduction:
- Molecular structure is the arrangement of
chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule (or in an ion or radical with multiple atoms), specifically which atoms are chemically bonded to what other atoms with what kind of chemical bond. From the IUPAC name of compound its structure can be easily drawn. - IUPAC name consists of three parts in major namely Prefix suffix and root word.
- Prefix represents the substituent present in the molecule and its position in the root name.
- Suffix denotes the presence of functional group if any in the molecule. It can be an alkene,
alkyne , alcohol, carboxylic acid, alcohol etc. - For alkenes, suffix will be ‘ene’.
- Root word represents the longest continuous carbon skeleton of the organic molecule.
- When a molecule consists of cyclic structure, the root word of the molecule is prefixed with cyclo, if it is two cyclic structure combined then prefixed with bicyclo.
- E-Z designators are used as like cis-trans terminology for non-similar groups attached alkenes.
- In E-Z designations, the groups attached to vinylic positions are checked by their priority on the basis of higher molecular weight. If the higher priority groups are on the same sides, then the configuration is designated as Z. If the higher priority groups are on the opposite sides, then the configuration is designated as E.
- Condensed Formula: Molecular formula where the symbols of atoms are listed in order as they appear in the respective molecular structure with bonded dash omitted or limited it is called the condensed structure.
(b)
Interpretation:
The E and Z isomers of alkenes should be identified for the given compound with the molecular formula
Concept introduction:
- Molecular structure is the arrangement of chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule (or in an ion or radical with multiple atoms), specifically which atoms are chemically bonded to what other atoms with what kind of chemical bond. From the IUPAC name of compound its structure can be easily drawn.
- IUPAC name consists of three parts in major namely Prefix suffix and root word.
- Prefix represents the substituent present in the molecule and its position in the root name.
- Suffix denotes the presence of functional group if any in the molecule. It can be an alkene, alkyne, alcohol, carboxylic acid, alcohol etc.
- For alkenes, suffix will be ‘ene’.
- Root word represents the longest continuous carbon skeleton of the organic molecule.
- When a molecule consists of cyclic structure, the root word of the molecule is prefixed with cyclo, if it is two cyclic structure combined then prefixed with bicyclo.
- E-Z designators are used as like cis-trans terminology for non-similar groups attached alkenes.
- In E-Z designations, the groups attached to vinylic positions are checked by their priority on the basis of higher molecular weight. If the higher priority groups are on the same sides, then the configuration is designated as Z. If the higher priority groups are on the opposite sides, then the configuration is designated as E.
(c)
Interpretation:
Most stable alkenes has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
The amount of heat released in a hydrogenation reaction is known as heat of hydrogenation
The most stable alkene has the smallest heat of hydrogenation.
The stability of an alkene increases as the number of alkyl substituents bonded to its
The stability of an alkene increases as the number of hydrogen bonded to its
(d)
Interpretation:
Least stable alkene has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
The amount of heat released in a hydrogenation reaction is known as heat of hydrogenation
The most stable alkene has the smallest heat of hydrogenation.
The stability of an alkene increases as the number of alkyl substituents bonded to its
The stability of an alkene increases as the number of hydrogen bonded to its
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Chapter 5 Solutions
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY W/ST.GDE W/ACCESS
- Explain why unbranched alkenes can form geometric isomers while unbranched alkanes cannot. Does this explanation involve the macroscopic domain or the microscopic domain?arrow_forwardHow many different alkenes can be formed from the haloalkane in Figure 20? Take stereoisomerism into account.arrow_forwardWhich alkenes show cis,trans isomerism? For each alkene that does, draw the trans isomer. Q.) 2-Pentenearrow_forward
- Distinguish between isomerism and resonance. Distinguish between structural and geometric isomerism. When writing the various structural isomers, the most difficult task is identifying which are different isomers and which are identical to a previously written structurethat is, which are compounds that differ only by the rotation of a carbon single bond. How do you distinguish between structural isomers and those that are identical? Alkenes and cycloalkanes are structural isomers of each other. Give an example of each using C4H8. Another common feature of alkenes and cycloalkanes is that both have restricted rotation about one or more bonds in the compound, so both can exhibit cis- trans isomerism. What is required for an alkene or cycloalkane to exhibit cis-trans isomerism? Explain the difference between cis and trans isomers. Alcohols and ethers are structural isomers of each other, as are aldehydes and ketones. Give an example of each to illustrate. Which functional group in Table 21-4 can be structural isomers of carboxylic acids? What is optical isomerism? What do you look for to determine whether an organic compound exhibits optical isomerism? 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane is optically active whereas 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is not optically active. Explain.arrow_forward. With very reactive agents, such as the halogen elements, alkanes undergo reactions, whereby a new atom rep laces one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkane.arrow_forward
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