Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780136042594
Author: Stuart Russell, Peter Norvig
Publisher: Prentice Hall
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Chapter 5, Problem 9E
a.
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Possible games
- There are atmost 9! games for a.
- This is the number of...
b.
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Game tree
- The game tree is
c.
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Evaluations of all position
- The values indicate the best starting move...
d.
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Nodes
- The terminal nodes are the nodes whi...
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This problem exercises the basic concepts of game playing, using tic-tac-toe (noughtsand crosses) as an example. We define Xn as the number of rows, columns, or diagonals with exactly n X’s and no O’s. Similarly, On is the number of rows, columns, or diagonals with just n O’s. The utility function assigns +1 to any position with X3 = 1 and −1 to any position with O3 = 1. All other terminal positions have utility 0. For nonterminal positions, we use a linear evaluation function defined as Eval (s) = 3X2(s)+X1(s)−(3O2(s)+O1(s))."Mark on your tree the evaluations of all the positions at depth 2."
Answer the following:
This problem exercises the basic concepts of game playing, using tic-tac-toe (noughts and crosses) as an example. We define Xn as the number of rows, columns, or diagonals with exactly n X’s and no O’s. Similarly, On is the number of rows, columns, or diagonals with just n O’s. The utility function assigns +1 to any position with X3=1 and −1 to any position with O3=1. All other terminal positions have utility 0. For nonterminal positions, we use a linear evaluation function defined as Eval(s)=3X2(s)+X1(s)−(3O2(s)+O1(s)).
a. Show the whole game tree starting from an empty board down to depth 2 (i.e., one X and one O on the board), taking symmetry into account.
b. Mark on your tree the evaluations of all the positions at depth 2.
c .Using the minimax algorithm, mark on your tree the backed-up values for the positions at depths 1 and 0, and use those values to choose the best starting move.
Provide original solutions including original diagram for part a!
Answer the following:
This problem exercises the basic concepts of game playing, using tic-tac-toe (noughts and crosses) as an example. We define Xn as the number of rows, columns, or diagonals with exactly n X’s and no O’s. Similarly, On is the number of rows, columns, or diagonals with just n O’s. The utility function assigns +1 to any position with X3=1 and −1 to any position with O3=1. All other terminal positions have utility 0. For nonterminal positions, we use a linear evaluation function defined as Eval(s)=3X2(s)+X1(s)−(3O2(s)+O1(s)).
a. Show the whole game tree starting from an empty board down to depth 2 (i.e., one X and one O on the board), taking symmetry into account.
b. Mark on your tree the evaluations of all the positions at depth 2.
c .Using the minimax algorithm, mark on your tree the backed-up values for the positions at depths 1 and 0, and use those values to choose the best starting move.
Provide original solution!
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Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
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- Consider the problem of making change for n cents using the fewest number of coins. Assume that we live in a country where coins come in k dierent denominations c1, c2, . . . , ck, such that the coin values are positive integers, k ≥ 1, and c1 = 1, i.e., there are pennies, so there is a solution for every value of n. For example, in case of the US coins, k = 4, c1 = 1, c2 = 5, c3 = 10, c4 = 25, i.e., there are pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters. To give optimal change in the US for n cents, it is sufficient to pick as many quarters as possible, then as many dimes as possible, then as many nickels as possible, and nally give the rest in pennies. Design a bottom-up (non-recursive) O(nk)-time algorithm that makes change for any set of k different coin denominations. Write down the pseudocode and analyze its running time. Argue why your choice of the array and the order in which you fill in the values is the correct one. Notice how it is a lot easier to analyze the running time of…arrow_forwardConsider the problem of making change for n cents using the fewest number of coins. Assume that we live in a country where coins come in k dierent denominations c1, c2, . . . , ck, such that the coin values are positive integers, k ≥ 1, and c1 = 1, i.e., there are pennies, so there is a solution for every value of n. For example, in case of the US coins, k = 4, c1 = 1, c2 = 5, c3 = 10, c4 = 25, i.e., there are pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters. To give optimal change in the US for n cents, it is sufficient to pick as many quarters as possible, then as many dimes as possible, then as many nickels as possible, and nally give the rest in pennies. Design a bottom-up (non-recursive) O(nk)-time algorithm that makes change for any set of k different coin denominations. Write down the pseudocode and analyze its running time. Argue why your choice of the array and the order in which you ll in the values is the correct one.arrow_forwardConsider the problem of making change for n cents using the fewest number of coins. Assume that we live in a country where coins come in k dierent denominations c1, c2, . . . , ck, such that the coin values are positive integers, k ≥ 1, and c1 = 1, i.e., there are pennies, so there is a solution for every value of n. For example, in case of the US coins, k = 4, c1 = 1, c2 = 5, c3 = 10, c4 = 25, i.e., there are pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters. To give optimal change in the US for n cents, it is sufficient to pick as many quarters as possible, then as many dimes as possible, then as many nickels as possible, and nally give the rest in pennies. Prove that the coin changing problem exhibits optimal substructure. Design a recursive backtracking (brute-force) algorithm that returns the minimum number of coins needed to make change for n cents for any set of k different coin denominations. Write down the pseudocode and prove that your algorithm is correct.arrow_forward
- Problem1Given a value `value`, if we want to make change for `value` cents, and we have infinitesupply of each of coins = {S1, S2, .. , Sm} valued `coins`, how many ways can we make the change?The order of `coins` doesn't matter.For example, for `value` = 4 and `coins` = [1, 2, 3], there are four solutions:[1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 2], [2, 2], [1, 3].So output should be 4. For `value` = 10 and `coins` = [2, 5, 3, 6], there are five solutions: [2, 2, 2, 2, 2], [2, 2, 3, 3], [2, 2, 6], [2, 3, 5] and [5, 5].So the output should be 5. Time complexity: O(n * m) where n is the `value` and m is the number of `coins`Space complexity: O(n)""" def count(coins, value): """ Find number of combination of `coins` that adds upp to `value` Keyword arguments: coins -- int[] value -- int """ # initialize dp array and set base case as 1 dp_array = [1] + [0] * value.. (+.arrow_forwardProblemGiven a value `value`, if we want to make change for `value` cents, and we have infinitesupply of each of coins = {S1, S2, .. , Sm} valued `coins`, how many ways can we make the change?The order of `coins` doesn't matter.For example, for `value` = 4 and `coins` = [1, 2, 3], there are four solutions:[1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 2], [2, 2], [1, 3].So output should be 4. For `value` = 10 and `coins` = [2, 5, 3, 6], there are five solutions: [2, 2, 2, 2, 2], [2, 2, 3, 3], [2, 2, 6], [2, 3, 5] and [5, 5].So the output should be 5. Time complexity: O(n * m) where n is the `value` and m is the number of `coins`Space complexity: O(n)""" def count(coins, value): """ Find number of combination of `coins` that adds upp to `value` Keyword arguments: coins -- int[] value -- int """ # initialize dp array and set base case as 1 dp_array = [1] + [0] * value) ++.arrow_forwardPlease answer the following question in depth with full detail. Consider the 8-puzzle that we discussed in class. Suppose we define a new heuristic function h3 which is the average of h1 and h2, and another heuristic function h4 which is the sum of h1 and h2. That is, for every state s ∈ S: h3(s) =h1(s) + h2(s) 2 h4(s) =h1(s) + h2(s) where h1 and h2 are defined as “the number of misplaced tiles”, and “the sum of the distances of the tiles from their goal positions”, respectively. Are h3 and h4 admissible? If admissible, compare their dominance with respect to h1 and h2, if not, provide a counterexample, i.e. a puzzle configuration where dominance does not hold.arrow_forward
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