Campbell Biology: Australian And New Zealand Edition + Mastering Biology With Etext
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781488687075
Author: Lisa, A. Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 50.6, Problem 3CC
WHAT IF? Ø When using your arms to lower yourself into a chair, you bend your arms without using your biceps. Explain how this is possible. (Hint: Think about gravity as an antagonistic force.)
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A) Describe the difference between strength and power during a squat. Provide a quantitative example that illustrates the difference.
B) During a squat, the weight you have on your shoulders has a certain amount of gravitational potential energy. As you squat down and come to a stop at the bottom of the squat, some of that energy is lost. Where does it go?
2. a) Label the system provided below, including the reference frame, moment arms and vector forces
with the information provided.
Internal moment arm = 4cm +0.04m
External moment arm relative
to the segment weight = 25cm 0.25m
External moment arm relative
to the load weight = 45cm 40.45m
Segment weight = 50 N
Load weight = 100 N
Lower leg segment angle relative
to horizontal plane = 45°
Quadriceps tendon angle = 45°
Axis of
rotation
MF
SW
LW
2b) Using the figure in 2a., calculate the external torque of the system relative to the normal
component of segment and load weights listed above.
2c) Calculate the amount of both the tangential component of the muscle force and the muscle force
itself required to keep this system in a state of static equilibrium.
I. INSTRUCTION: Compute for the following given problem.
1. Emily can lift 21 kg (210 newtons force) using muscles that have a cross-sectional
area of 6 cm2. Use this formula to work out how many newtons per square
centimetre her muscles can pull with:
Formula: Force/Area
Chapter 50 Solutions
Campbell Biology: Australian And New Zealand Edition + Mastering Biology With Etext
Ch. 50.1 - Which one of the five categories of sensory...Ch. 50.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 50.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 50.2 - How are otoliths adaptive for burrowing mammals,...Ch. 50.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 50.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 50.2 - Prob. 4CCCh. 50.3 - Contrast the light-detecting organs of planarians...Ch. 50.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 50.3 - Prob. 3CC
Ch. 50.3 - Prob. 4CCCh. 50.4 - Explain why some taste receptor cells arid all...Ch. 50.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 50.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 50.5 - Contrast the role of Ca2+ in the contraction of a...Ch. 50.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 50.5 - Prob. 3CCCh. 50.6 - Contrast swimming and flying in terms of the main...Ch. 50.6 - MAKE CONNECTIONS. Peristalsis contributes to the...Ch. 50.6 - WHAT IF? When using your arms to lower yourself...Ch. 50 - Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and...Ch. 50 - How are music volume and pitch encoded in signals...Ch. 50 - Prob. 50.3CRCh. 50 - Prob. 50.4CRCh. 50 - What are two major functions of ATP hydrolysis in...Ch. 50 - Which of the following sensory receptors is...Ch. 50 - The middle ear converts (A) air pressure waves to...Ch. 50 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 50 - Which sensory distinction is not encoded by a...Ch. 50 - The transduction of sound waves into action...Ch. 50 - Although some sharks close their eyes just before...Ch. 50 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 50 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION In general, locomotion on...Ch. 50 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 50 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION In a short essay...Ch. 50 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Bloodhounds, which are...
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- Give two example of 'curvature' movement?arrow_forwardney: Load (L) = 5 kgs = Effort E = Fulcrum Weight of forearm = 1.8 kgs L = Load Biceps brachii muscle Distance of load from elbow joint = 35 cm %3D Effort (E) = contraction of biceps brachii Distance of center of mass of forearm from elbow = 17 cm Distance of tendon from elbow = 4 cm A) Draw the free-body diagram to represent the forces and moments Load (L) = weight of object plus forearm B) Write the torque equation for static equilibrium Fulcrum (F) = elbow jointarrow_forwardWith the shoulder flexed at 30°, the moment arm of the deltoid muscle is 2.0 cm. Solve for the force exerted by the deltoid muscle at the glenohumeral joint give the following assumptions: The deltoid is the only active muscle at the glenohumeral joint The weight of the humerus is 48 N. The center of gravity of the humerus is located 30 cm from the shoulder center of rotation STATIC EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS CONSIDERING ONLY THE DELTOID MUSCLE Fo MA = 18 Cn COR B=55". 0-30° RaF 30 cm FG = 24 Narrow_forward
- 2. We discussed how muscle spindles allow for precision of movement as a muscle lengthens, and particular muscles which require more precise movements will contain more spindles. In addition to this precision control over muscle length, there are other differences between muscles which enable more precision in how much force is generated. Consider the two graphs below which depict force generated by two different muscles as additional motor units are recruited. Force Muscle A Load Force Muscle B Load a) Describe why the first steps for a low force contraction in both muscles are smaller than the later ones in the context of motor units and force production.arrow_forwardDefine synergistic effectarrow_forwardGIVE 3 EXERCISES THAT CAN BE CONSIDERED AS A LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENT WITH LATERAL ROTATION AND MEDIAL ROTATION MOVEMENT AND WHY?arrow_forward
- Briefly explain how MA and VR are related, and why it can be advantageous to have a forelimb lever with low VR. H▾▾ B I A▾ X₂ X² Ω· 66 Xarrow_forwardGIVE 3 EXERCISES THAT CAN BE CONSIDERED AS A LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENT WITH ABDUCTION AND ADDUCTION MOVEMENT. WHY?arrow_forwardAccording to the free-body diagram, which forces act on both teams and rope before motion begins and in which directions?arrow_forward
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