The others animals that can develop influenza infections. Concept introduction: Influenza virus belongs to class V that contains negative sense single-stranded segmented RNA as their genetic material. They have enveloped virus that contains an antigen on their envelope. It is the causative agent of flu and has the ability to change its surface antigens by forming a new combination of antigen through the process called as antigenic shift.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 1CF

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The others animals that can develop influenza infections.

Concept introduction:

Influenza virus belongs to class V that contains negative sense single-stranded segmented RNA as their genetic material. They have enveloped virus that contains an antigen on their envelope. It is the causative agent of flu and has the ability to change its surface antigens by forming a new combination of antigen through the process called as antigenic shift.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Influenza virus hijacks the host cell and produces more viruses, which spread to the other cells. The symptoms include cough, fever, sore throat, stuffy nose, body and headache along with restlessness. This virus has swept across the globe in waves, killing millions of people. Strains of influenza can infect pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs, and cats.

Conclusion

The others animals that can develop influenza infections include pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs, and cats.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The possible consequences of influenza virus transmission between animals and humans.

Concept introduction:

Influenza is a tiny viral particle contains negative sense single-stranded segmented RNA as their genetic material and a protein coat. It hijacks the host cell and produces more viruses which spread to the other cells.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The influenza virus has the ability to form new surface antigens by the mixture of antigens present on the surface of the envelope of two different strains of the virus. This process is called as antigenic shift. There are sixteen different types of H antigens and nine different types of N antigens are available. Each viral type contains a numbered type of each N and H antigen on its capsid. Strains of influenza can infect pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs and cats.

Although transmission of strains from animal to humans is rare, according to scientists, it does occur. Genomic analysis of some pandemic strains has revealed that some avian genes are present in human influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus is not usually transmitted to humans but some variants have been found to infect humans.

This has occurred due to the close contact of humans with pigs and pigs can contract both avian and human influenza. Thus, there are high chances that several viruses circulate in the same organism at once. This ability contributes to the production of novel variant stains that occurred during 2009 swine flu. Analysis of such strain revealed the presence of two different genes in addition to human and avian influenza viral sequence. Therefore, it became known to scientists as “quadruple reassortant” influenza virus.

Conclusion

The possible consequence of influenza virus transmission between animals and humans is the production of novel variant stains.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 1CF

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The others animals that can develop influenza infections.

Concept introduction:

Influenza virus belongs to class V that contains negative sense single-stranded segmented RNA as their genetic material. They have enveloped virus that contains an antigen on their envelope. It is the causative agent of flu and has the ability to change its surface antigens by forming a new combination of antigen through the process called as antigenic shift.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Influenza virus hijacks the host cell and produces more viruses, which spread to the other cells. The symptoms include cough, fever, sore throat, stuffy nose, body and headache along with restlessness. This virus has swept across the globe in waves, killing millions of people. Strains of influenza can infect pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs, and cats.

Conclusion

The others animals that can develop influenza infections include pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs, and cats.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The possible consequences of influenza virus transmission between animals and humans.

Concept introduction:

Influenza is a tiny viral particle contains negative sense single-stranded segmented RNA as their genetic material and a protein coat. It hijacks the host cell and produces more viruses which spread to the other cells.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The influenza virus has the ability to form new surface antigens by the mixture of antigens present on the surface of the envelope of two different strains of the virus. This process is called as antigenic shift. There are sixteen different types of H antigens and nine different types of N antigens are available. Each viral type contains a numbered type of each N and H antigen on its capsid. Strains of influenza can infect pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs and cats.

Although transmission of strains from animal to humans is rare, according to scientists, it does occur. Genomic analysis of some pandemic strains has revealed that some avian genes are present in human influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus is not usually transmitted to humans but some variants have been found to infect humans.

This has occurred due to the close contact of humans with pigs and pigs can contract both avian and human influenza. Thus, there are high chances that several viruses circulate in the same organism at once. This ability contributes to the production of novel variant stains that occurred during 2009 swine flu. Analysis of such strain revealed the presence of two different genes in addition to human and avian influenza viral sequence. Therefore, it became known to scientists as “quadruple reassortant” influenza virus.

Conclusion

The possible consequence of influenza virus transmission between animals and humans is the production of novel variant stains.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 1CF

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The others animals that can develop influenza infections.

Concept introduction:

Influenza virus belongs to class V that contains negative sense single-stranded segmented RNA as their genetic material. They have enveloped virus that contains an antigen on their envelope. It is the causative agent of flu and has the ability to change its surface antigens by forming a new combination of antigen through the process called as antigenic shift.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Influenza virus hijacks the host cell and produces more viruses, which spread to the other cells. The symptoms include cough, fever, sore throat, stuffy nose, body and headache along with restlessness. This virus has swept across the globe in waves, killing millions of people. Strains of influenza can infect pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs, and cats.

Conclusion

The others animals that can develop influenza infections include pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs, and cats.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The possible consequences of influenza virus transmission between animals and humans.

Concept introduction:

Influenza is a tiny viral particle contains negative sense single-stranded segmented RNA as their genetic material and a protein coat. It hijacks the host cell and produces more viruses which spread to the other cells.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The influenza virus has the ability to form new surface antigens by the mixture of antigens present on the surface of the envelope of two different strains of the virus. This process is called as antigenic shift. There are sixteen different types of H antigens and nine different types of N antigens are available. Each viral type contains a numbered type of each N and H antigen on its capsid. Strains of influenza can infect pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs and cats.

Although transmission of strains from animal to humans is rare, according to scientists, it does occur. Genomic analysis of some pandemic strains has revealed that some avian genes are present in human influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus is not usually transmitted to humans but some variants have been found to infect humans.

This has occurred due to the close contact of humans with pigs and pigs can contract both avian and human influenza. Thus, there are high chances that several viruses circulate in the same organism at once. This ability contributes to the production of novel variant stains that occurred during 2009 swine flu. Analysis of such strain revealed the presence of two different genes in addition to human and avian influenza viral sequence. Therefore, it became known to scientists as “quadruple reassortant” influenza virus.

Conclusion

The possible consequence of influenza virus transmission between animals and humans is the production of novel variant stains.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 1CF

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The others animals that can develop influenza infections.

Concept introduction:

Influenza virus belongs to class V that contains negative sense single-stranded segmented RNA as their genetic material. They have enveloped virus that contains an antigen on their envelope. It is the causative agent of flu and has the ability to change its surface antigens by forming a new combination of antigen through the process called as antigenic shift.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Influenza virus hijacks the host cell and produces more viruses, which spread to the other cells. The symptoms include cough, fever, sore throat, stuffy nose, body and headache along with restlessness. This virus has swept across the globe in waves, killing millions of people. Strains of influenza can infect pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs, and cats.

Conclusion

The others animals that can develop influenza infections include pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs, and cats.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The possible consequences of influenza virus transmission between animals and humans.

Concept introduction:

Influenza is a tiny viral particle contains negative sense single-stranded segmented RNA as their genetic material and a protein coat. It hijacks the host cell and produces more viruses which spread to the other cells.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The influenza virus has the ability to form new surface antigens by the mixture of antigens present on the surface of the envelope of two different strains of the virus. This process is called as antigenic shift. There are sixteen different types of H antigens and nine different types of N antigens are available. Each viral type contains a numbered type of each N and H antigen on its capsid. Strains of influenza can infect pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs and cats.

Although transmission of strains from animal to humans is rare, according to scientists, it does occur. Genomic analysis of some pandemic strains has revealed that some avian genes are present in human influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus is not usually transmitted to humans but some variants have been found to infect humans.

This has occurred due to the close contact of humans with pigs and pigs can contract both avian and human influenza. Thus, there are high chances that several viruses circulate in the same organism at once. This ability contributes to the production of novel variant stains that occurred during 2009 swine flu. Analysis of such strain revealed the presence of two different genes in addition to human and avian influenza viral sequence. Therefore, it became known to scientists as “quadruple reassortant” influenza virus.

Conclusion

The possible consequence of influenza virus transmission between animals and humans is the production of novel variant stains.

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Answer 5

Chapter 6, Problem 1CF

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The others animals that can develop influenza infections.

Concept introduction:

Influenza virus belongs to class V that contains negative sense single-stranded segmented RNA as their genetic material. They have enveloped virus that contains an antigen on their envelope. It is the causative agent of flu and has the ability to change its surface antigens by forming a new combination of antigen through the process called as antigenic shift.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Influenza virus hijacks the host cell and produces more viruses, which spread to the other cells. The symptoms include cough, fever, sore throat, stuffy nose, body and headache along with restlessness. This virus has swept across the globe in waves, killing millions of people. Strains of influenza can infect pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs, and cats.

Conclusion

The others animals that can develop influenza infections include pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs, and cats.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The possible consequences of influenza virus transmission between animals and humans.

Concept introduction:

Influenza is a tiny viral particle contains negative sense single-stranded segmented RNA as their genetic material and a protein coat. It hijacks the host cell and produces more viruses which spread to the other cells.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The influenza virus has the ability to form new surface antigens by the mixture of antigens present on the surface of the envelope of two different strains of the virus. This process is called as antigenic shift. There are sixteen different types of H antigens and nine different types of N antigens are available. Each viral type contains a numbered type of each N and H antigen on its capsid. Strains of influenza can infect pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs and cats.

Although transmission of strains from animal to humans is rare, according to scientists, it does occur. Genomic analysis of some pandemic strains has revealed that some avian genes are present in human influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus is not usually transmitted to humans but some variants have been found to infect humans.

This has occurred due to the close contact of humans with pigs and pigs can contract both avian and human influenza. Thus, there are high chances that several viruses circulate in the same organism at once. This ability contributes to the production of novel variant stains that occurred during 2009 swine flu. Analysis of such strain revealed the presence of two different genes in addition to human and avian influenza viral sequence. Therefore, it became known to scientists as “quadruple reassortant” influenza virus.

Conclusion

The possible consequence of influenza virus transmission between animals and humans is the production of novel variant stains.

Answer 6

Chapter 6, Problem 1CF

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The others animals that can develop influenza infections.

Concept introduction:

Influenza virus belongs to class V that contains negative sense single-stranded segmented RNA as their genetic material. They have enveloped virus that contains an antigen on their envelope. It is the causative agent of flu and has the ability to change its surface antigens by forming a new combination of antigen through the process called as antigenic shift.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Influenza virus hijacks the host cell and produces more viruses, which spread to the other cells. The symptoms include cough, fever, sore throat, stuffy nose, body and headache along with restlessness. This virus has swept across the globe in waves, killing millions of people. Strains of influenza can infect pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs, and cats.

Conclusion

The others animals that can develop influenza infections include pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs, and cats.

Answer 7

Chapter 6, Problem 1CF

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The others animals that can develop influenza infections.

Concept introduction:

Influenza virus belongs to class V that contains negative sense single-stranded segmented RNA as their genetic material. They have enveloped virus that contains an antigen on their envelope. It is the causative agent of flu and has the ability to change its surface antigens by forming a new combination of antigen through the process called as antigenic shift.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Influenza virus hijacks the host cell and produces more viruses, which spread to the other cells. The symptoms include cough, fever, sore throat, stuffy nose, body and headache along with restlessness. This virus has swept across the globe in waves, killing millions of people. Strains of influenza can infect pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs, and cats.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Conclusion

The others animals that can develop influenza infections include pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs, and cats.

Answer 13

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The possible consequences of influenza virus transmission between animals and humans.

Concept introduction:

Influenza is a tiny viral particle contains negative sense single-stranded segmented RNA as their genetic material and a protein coat. It hijacks the host cell and produces more viruses which spread to the other cells.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The influenza virus has the ability to form new surface antigens by the mixture of antigens present on the surface of the envelope of two different strains of the virus. This process is called as antigenic shift. There are sixteen different types of H antigens and nine different types of N antigens are available. Each viral type contains a numbered type of each N and H antigen on its capsid. Strains of influenza can infect pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs and cats.

Although transmission of strains from animal to humans is rare, according to scientists, it does occur. Genomic analysis of some pandemic strains has revealed that some avian genes are present in human influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus is not usually transmitted to humans but some variants have been found to infect humans.

This has occurred due to the close contact of humans with pigs and pigs can contract both avian and human influenza. Thus, there are high chances that several viruses circulate in the same organism at once. This ability contributes to the production of novel variant stains that occurred during 2009 swine flu. Analysis of such strain revealed the presence of two different genes in addition to human and avian influenza viral sequence. Therefore, it became known to scientists as “quadruple reassortant” influenza virus.

Conclusion

The possible consequence of influenza virus transmission between animals and humans is the production of novel variant stains.

Answer 14

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The possible consequences of influenza virus transmission between animals and humans.

Concept introduction:

Influenza is a tiny viral particle contains negative sense single-stranded segmented RNA as their genetic material and a protein coat. It hijacks the host cell and produces more viruses which spread to the other cells.

Answer 15

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The influenza virus has the ability to form new surface antigens by the mixture of antigens present on the surface of the envelope of two different strains of the virus. This process is called as antigenic shift. There are sixteen different types of H antigens and nine different types of N antigens are available. Each viral type contains a numbered type of each N and H antigen on its capsid. Strains of influenza can infect pigs, dogs, birds, horses, ferrets, pigs and cats.

Although transmission of strains from animal to humans is rare, according to scientists, it does occur. Genomic analysis of some pandemic strains has revealed that some avian genes are present in human influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus is not usually transmitted to humans but some variants have been found to infect humans.

This has occurred due to the close contact of humans with pigs and pigs can contract both avian and human influenza. Thus, there are high chances that several viruses circulate in the same organism at once. This ability contributes to the production of novel variant stains that occurred during 2009 swine flu. Analysis of such strain revealed the presence of two different genes in addition to human and avian influenza viral sequence. Therefore, it became known to scientists as “quadruple reassortant” influenza virus.