Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781285866932
Author: Lauralee Sherwood
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Describe the effects of light on the photoreceptors and explain how these effects influence the bipolar cells.
Does light striking a photoreceptor results in its depolarization or hypolarization? Why?
With what cells do photoreceptors form synapses?
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- Detail the separate mechanisms activated in photoreceptor cells in the presence and in the absence of light.arrow_forwardDescribe phototransduction in detail, comparing this process both in the dark and in the light. For each cell involved in phototransduction, discuss what ion channels may be open/close and why they are open/close, whether the cell is hyperpolarized or depolarized, what cause it to hyperpolarize or depolarize, whether the cell releases any neurotransmitters, and whether graded potential or action potential is generated in each cell.arrow_forwardExplain Sensory Transduction in Photoreceptors?arrow_forward
- Identify the afferent/sensory nerve involved in the light reflex and the efferent/motor nerve involved in the light reflex.arrow_forwardWhen light strikes photoreceptors, what takes place?arrow_forwardDescribe the steps involved in vertebrate phototransduction by photoreceptors and further retinal processing by bipolar and ganglion cells.arrow_forward
- Describe the nature of the generator potential and explain its relationship to stimulus intensity and to frequency of action potential production.arrow_forwardWhen light hits the center of an ON-center receptive field, which of the following processes occur: a. Photoreceptors release more glutamate; bipolar cells release more glutamate; retinal ganglion cells decrease rate of APs. b. Photoreceptors release less glutamate; bipolar cells release less glutamate; retinal ganglion cells decrease rate of APs. c. Photoreceptors release less glutamate; bipolar cells release more glutamate; retinal ganglion cells increase rate of APs. d. Photoreceptors release more glutamate; bipolar cells release more glutamate; ganglion cells increase rate of APs.arrow_forwardDescribe the phototransduction cycle of photoreceptors?arrow_forward
- Explain the Absorption of Light by Photoreceptors?arrow_forwardExplain why different types of receptor cells and neural circuits are required for day and night vision.arrow_forwardIf light strikes only one receptor, what is the net effect (excitatory or inhibitory) on the nearest bipolar cell that is directly connected to that receptor? What is the effect on bipolar cells to the sides? What causes that effect?arrow_forward
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