Concept explainers
a.
To determine: The similarities and dissimilarities among paracrine signal, hormone, and cytokine.
Introduction: Endocrinology is the study of hormones. Hormones are the chemical messengers that are secreted into the blood by specialized epithelial cells. The hormones control many functions; for example, growth hormone controls the growth of the individual, estrogen, and progesterone controls secondary sexual characteristics in females and testosterone control secondary sexual characteristics in males.
b.
To determine: The similarities and differences between the primary and secondary endocrine pathologies.
Introduction: Endocrine pathology involves the diseases of the endocrine system. It is caused by the imbalance of hormones in the body. The hormone imbalance is caused by the excess of hormone, deficiency of the hormone, or abnormal responsiveness of target tissues to a hormone.
c.
To determine: The similarities and differences between hypersecretion and hyposecretion.
Introduction: The secretion of hormones in the body and its associated effects can be either exaggerated or diminished. The excessive secretion of the hormone is known as hypersecretion and secretion of hormones in little concentration is known as hyposecretion.
d.
To determine: The similarities and differences between anterior and posterior pituitary.
Introduction: The pituitary is a lima-bean sized structure that extends downward from the brain and is connected to it by a thin stalk and cradled in a protective pocket of bone. The pituitary is divided into two parts-anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary. The pituitary gland is an important part of the immune system, and it is involved in secreting hormones into the blood stream.
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EBK HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
- Which hormones produced in the posterior and anterior lobes of the pituitary gland have the targets indicated? Below, fill in the blanks using the abbreviations noted in Section 15.3.arrow_forwardMatch the endocrine control concepts.arrow_forwardEndocrine glands can be controlled by: A. Changes in the composition of extracellular fluid B. All of the answers are correct C. Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus D. Hormones from other endocrine glands E. Direct neural stimulationarrow_forward
- 1) Hormone pathologies often manifest with elevated or lower hormones. The underlying cause may differ. What symptoms would be associated with hyperthyroidism? 2) Autoimmune disease in which auto-antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor (TSHR) on the thyroid gland. How would this affect levels of TRH, TSH, and TH? Draw out the H-P-T axis to illustrate changes in each hormone. 3) What symptoms would be associated with hypothyroidism? 4) How could this disease be treated? When the thyroid cells are destroyed, they cannot make hormones anymore and TH replacement needs to be given.arrow_forwardThe endocrine system is composed of glands that secrete hormones that regulate the activity of different body cells. The pituitary gland is often called the "master gland" because it controls the activities of other glands. Discuss a disorder associated with either hypo or hypersecretion of a specific hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. Include in your discussion the answer to the following: What effect will an increase or decrease in production have on the target organs?What signs and symptoms are associated with this condition and how is it treated?arrow_forwardUnder which of the following conditions would you expect an increase in antidiuretic hormone secretion? a. An individual ingests excess water. b. The posterior pituitary is removed from an individual because of a tumor. c. An individual is rescued after three days in the desert without food or water. d. An individual with normal kidneys is producing a large volume of urine.arrow_forward
- a) How does the body's hormonal response to short-term stress differ from the body's hormonal response to long-term stress? In your answer, provide the names of the hormones released, the glands from which they are released, and the effects on the body. b) Provide 2 reasons (as discussed in class) why long-term stress is harmful to our physical health.arrow_forwardThe condition hypothyroidism is characterized by a decrease in the synthesis and secretion of the chemical thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland, an organ in the neck that is part of the endocrine system. Which level of organization does not match this condition? A. The thyroid glad is regulated by others hormones from other glands in the body at an organ system level. B. The endocrine system works with the cardiovascular system to allow transporting the hormones throughout the body function at the organism level. C. At the tissue level group's of follicular cells that make the thyroid hormones form a spherical structure with a hollow interior called follicle. D. The plasma membrane of follicular cells that are found in the thyroid gland is made up of phospholipid bilayer at the tissue level.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is not a general process controlled by the endocrine system? a. development, growth, and metabolism b. control of reproductive activities c. maintenance of homeostasis of blood composition d. programmed cell death/destruction of aged cellsarrow_forward
- Which is the following is an example of the nervous system directly interacting with the endocrine system? a. The secretion of cortisol early in the morning b. The continuous secretion of thyroid hormone c. The secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine during the fight or flight response d. The secretion of insulin after a mealarrow_forwardndicate whether the following statements about the pituitary glands are TRUE or FALSE. If the statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. a. The anterior and posterior pituitary glands are responsible for producing and releasing hormones. b. The posterior pituitary gland is regulated by the hypothalamus via a positive feedback loop. c. The hypothalamus regulates the release of cortisol via the sympathetic nervous system and that of epinephrine via the parasympathetic nervous system. d. The releasing hormones from the hypothalamus stimulate the production of stimulating hormones and human growth hormone. Question question true/false correction a. b. c. d.arrow_forwardExplain the concept of coordination in the context of endocrine system function. Differentiate exocrine from endocrine glands. Describe the roles of the hypothalamus, pituitary glands, target glands, and target organs. Enumerate the secretion of the hypothalamus and their functions. List the hormones secreted by the anterior and posteriors pituitary glands and their functions. Explain the hormonal secretion and their functions of the following: thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal (cortex and medulla), gonads (testis, ovaries), pancreas (beta and alpha cells), thymus, pineal glands. Describe the functions of hormones secreted by the following internal organs: heart, liver, kidney, stomach, small intestines, colon, and muscles Explain the concept of negative and positive feedback. Describe drugs that affect the endocrine system: thyroid replacement hormones, steroids, insulin. Give examples of nursing diagnosis that apply to issues of the endocrine system.arrow_forward
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