21ST CENTURY ASTR.:STARS..(LL)-PACKAGE
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780393448450
Author: Kay
Publisher: NORTON
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Chapter 8, Problem 13QP
To determine
The reason for Earth was once completely molten.
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12. Which part of the earth makes up about one-third of earth’s total mass and is mostly iron witha solid part and a part that acts like a liquid?A. mantle
B. core
C. crust
D. asthenosphere
11. Which part of the Earth is a hot, elastic semi-liquid layer that extends around the entire Earth?A. crust
B. core
C. mantle
D. asthenosphere
15. If the incident angle is 45 degrees and the seismic velocity in the first medium is a reasonable
value for sediments, and the seismic velocity in the second medium is 4 times slower than in the first
medium, then the refracted angle
a. Is less than 45 degrees.
b. Is more than 45 degrees.
c. Is 45 degrees.
d. Cannot be determined given this information.
16. Assume that the earth is represented by a horizontal layer overlying a half-space. A simplest
refraction survey with minimum instrument requires
one shot and one geophone
b. one shot and two geophones
c. one shot and three geophones
d. two shots with two geophones
17. You carried out a single-shot seismic reflection survey to find the depth to the basement and the
velocity structure. Exact knowledge about the
material above the basement and the shape of the
basement interface was not known. After carrying
out the survey he picked out the first arrivals and
plotted the T-X graph as below. What conclusion
can you make?
a. he can…
Chapter 8 Solutions
21ST CENTURY ASTR.:STARS..(LL)-PACKAGE
Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 8.1CYUCh. 8.2 - Prob. 8.2CYUCh. 8.3 - Prob. 8.3ACYUCh. 8.3 - Prob. 8.3BCYUCh. 8.4 - Prob. 8.4CYUCh. 8.5 - Prob. 8.5CYUCh. 8.6 - Prob. 8.6CYUCh. 8 - Prob. 1QPCh. 8 - Prob. 2QPCh. 8 - Prob. 3QP
Ch. 8 - Prob. 4QPCh. 8 - Prob. 5QPCh. 8 - Prob. 6QPCh. 8 - Prob. 7QPCh. 8 - Prob. 8QPCh. 8 - Prob. 9QPCh. 8 - Prob. 10QPCh. 8 - Prob. 11QPCh. 8 - Prob. 12QPCh. 8 - Prob. 13QPCh. 8 - Prob. 14QPCh. 8 - Prob. 15QPCh. 8 - Prob. 16QPCh. 8 - Prob. 17QPCh. 8 - Prob. 18QPCh. 8 - Prob. 19QPCh. 8 - Prob. 20QPCh. 8 - Prob. 21QPCh. 8 - Prob. 22QPCh. 8 - Prob. 23QPCh. 8 - Prob. 24QPCh. 8 - Prob. 25QPCh. 8 - Prob. 26QPCh. 8 - Prob. 27QPCh. 8 - Prob. 28QPCh. 8 - Prob. 29QPCh. 8 - Prob. 30QPCh. 8 - Prob. 31QPCh. 8 - Prob. 32QPCh. 8 - Prob. 33QPCh. 8 - Prob. 34QPCh. 8 - Prob. 35QPCh. 8 - Prob. 36QPCh. 8 - Prob. 37QPCh. 8 - Prob. 38QPCh. 8 - Prob. 39QPCh. 8 - Prob. 40QPCh. 8 - Prob. 41QPCh. 8 - Prob. 42QPCh. 8 - Prob. 43QPCh. 8 - Prob. 44QPCh. 8 - Prob. 45QP
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- 1. A giant ice sheet expands quickly over the surface of North America. For how long must the ice sheet remain in place in order to cool the crust to a depth of 2000 m? The thermal diffusivity of crustal rocks is ~ 10-6 m²/s. Give your answer in years.arrow_forward13. How deep in the crust is 10 kbar? Lithostatic pressure within the crusts results from the weight of the rocks above. Assume an average density of 2750 kg/m3. Use the equation P=p*g*h or P/(p *g)=h 23kPa/m P=pressure (e.g. kbar), p=density, g-gravity 9.8 m/s2, h= depth (m), 1 kbar=1,000 bars, 1 bar=100,000 Pa, 1 Pa=kg/(m*s2), 1 kbar =100,000,000 Pa, 1 km =1000 m. Give your answer in kilometers.arrow_forwardSuppose earthquake A registers two more points on the Richter scale than earthquake B. a. How are their corresponding intensities related? b. How are their released energies related? a. Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box to complete your choice. O A. A = IB + O B. A = Oc. 'A ='B O D. IA = lB -arrow_forward
- If we pushed the Earth closer to the Sun, it would develop a thick, CO2-rich atmosphere like Venus. All of that CO2 would come from the Earth's a. sea floor after the oceans evaporate b. mantle after the crust melts c. volcanic eruptions which would become more frequent d. polar regions after the ice caps meltarrow_forwardWhich of the following is most responsible for the formation of new crust ar the edge of a tectonic plate? A. mountain building at a continent-continent convergent boundary B. magma rising up from the mantle at a divergent boundary С. two tectonic plates sliding past one another at a transform boundary D. subduction of one oceanic plate under another at a convergent boundaryarrow_forwardOn July 13, 1986, the strongest earthquake known to strike San Diego County registered 5.4 on the Richter scale. It was centered off the coast of Oceanside on the Coronado Bank Fault. a) Determine the amount of energy released in ergs and b) Joules.arrow_forward
- A seismic survey is conducted in a region with two layers. The top layer is shale, with density 2500 kg/m3, and seismic velocity of 2900m/s, and the bottom layer is sandstone, with a density of 2100 kg/m3, and a seismic velocity of 3000m/s. The reflection coefficient will bea. Positiveb. Negativec. Zerod. Not enough informationarrow_forward8. The energy released đuring an earthquake can be calculated using the formula E(M) =(10'")“, where E is the energy in kWh (kilowatt hours) and M is the magnitude of the carthquake. a. The magnitude 9.5 earthquake in Southern Chile on May 22, 1960 is thought to be the strongest earthquake that has ever occurred. Use the formula above to caleulate the energy released during this earthquake. Express the answer in scientific notation, to the nearest tenth. b. An earthquake of magnitude 3 may not be felt or noticed by most people. Calculate the energy, to the nearest tenth, that is released during an earthquake of this strength. ( c. Compared to a magnitude 3 carthquake, how many times greater was the energy that was released during the 1960 earthquake in Chile? d. An earthquake that occurred in Central Canada in 2010 released approximately 30 000 000 kWh energy. Find the magnitude, to the nearest whole number, associated with this carthquake.arrow_forward5. The "iceberg analogy" for the isostatic equilibrium of the continental crust turns out to be quite the relative density of icebergs versus seawater is close to the relative density of continental crust versus mantle. Glacial ice is about 15% less dense than seawater; likewise continental crust is about 15% less dense than the mantle. This leads to a simple rule that we can call the 1-to-8 rule: for every 1 unit of extra elevation for an iceberg or a mountain belt, there need to be 8 units of total thickness. These iceberg examples illustrate the idea: an iceberg 3 meters above sea level is 24 meters thick an iceberg 1 meter above sea level is 8 meters thick an iceberg 2 meters above sea level is 16 meters thick 3m 2m water level 1m >7m 14m 21m For the following questions, apply the 1-to-8 rule, assuming continental crust in isostatic equilibrium. a. Continental crust at sea level averages about 35 kilometers thick. (1 km = 0.6 miles.) Therefore, in general, how thick must the crust…arrow_forward
- 1) Distinguish between the mantle and the inner core. 2) Explain in your own words how the Earth's layers were formed. 3) Explain what cause the mantle to "flow"? 4) What are the two main metals that make up the outer and inner core?arrow_forwardb. Under what condition is a material or a rock mass considered to: i. Have positive Poisson’s ratio ii. Have negative Poisson’s ratio iii. Possess planar discontinuity iv. Exhibit positive deformation v. Exhibit negative deformation?arrow_forward4) The Richter scale is used for measuring the magnitude of an earthquake. The Richter magnitude R is given by the model R = 0.67 log(0.37 E) + 1.46 Where E is the energy (in kilowatt-hours) released by the earthquake. An earthquake in Pakistan on June 8, 2007. released 132,372 kilowatt hours of energy, what was the earthquake's magnitude (to the nearest tenth)? a) 4.1 b) 4.3 d) 4.8 c) 4.6arrow_forward
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