The direction of replication of the new strand and also explain leading and lagging strands. Concept introduction: DNA replication is a process by which a DNA molecule is replicated or multiplied in numbers. The three major steps of DNA replication are unwinding of DNA strands, complementary bas pairing and joining of short DNA sequences on lagging strand.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 2CT

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The direction of replication of the new strand and also explain leading and lagging strands.

Concept introduction:

DNA replication is a process by which a DNA molecule is replicated or multiplied in numbers. The three major steps of DNA replication are unwinding of DNA strands, complementary bas pairing and joining of short DNA sequences on lagging strand.

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Pictorial representation: DNA replication is represented as below:

5′ A T C G G C T A C G T T C A C¯ 3′3′ T A G C C G A T G C A A G T G_← 5′5′ A T C →G G C →T A C →G T T →C A C→ 3′3′ T A G C C G A T G C A A G T G_ 5′

Fig. 1: DNA replication.

Replication process begins with unwinding of double DNA strand with the help of DNA helicase enzyme. This results in the formation of replication fork. Each separated DNA strands act as template to synthesize two new strands.

Replication of given segment of DNA:

5′ ATCGGCTACGTTCAC 3′3′ TAGCCGATGCAAGTG 5′

The two parental strands are anti parallel to each other thus newly synthesized daughter strands are also anti parallel. DNA strand is always formed in 5′ to 3′ direction. Thus, the top strand (5′ to 3′) will replicate from right to left (3′ to 5′) and the bottom strand (3′ to 5′) will replicate from left to right (5′ to 3′). As each of the parental strand acts as template for the synthesis of daughter strands, following will be the replication of given DNA segment:

3′ TAGCCGATGCAAGTG 5′5′ ATCGGCTACGTTCAC 3′

The new nucleotides formed, pairs with their complementary bases with old parental strands. One strand is called leading strand (5′ to 3′) on which continuous DNA synthesis (right to left) takes place and other strand is called lagging strand (3′ to 5′) on which short Okazaki fragments of DNA (left to right) are formed in discontinuous manner. The short discontinuous stretches formed on lagging strand are joined to form a daughter strand by DNA ligase enzyme.

Conclusion

DNA replication takes place by two ways: DNA strand from 5′ to 3′ replicate in continuous way and other DNA strand from 3′ to 5′ replicates in discontinuous way.

b.

Summary Introduction

To explain:

Semiconservative replication and whether new strands are identical to the original segment of DNA.

Concept introduction:

In DNA replication, a double stranded DNA molecule is produced with two complementary strands of nucleotides. Parental strand (old) unwinds and separates at several points by breaking the hydrogen bond forming the replication fork. Once the strands get separated, each parental strand provides a template that contains nucleotides and complementary nucleotide attached to each. Each newly formed DNA molecule consists of one parent and one daughter strand, as a result of replication.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

DNA replication is considered as semi conservative because the newly synthesized DNA molecules have one strand of parental DNA that act as template for the formation of new daughter DNA strands. Thus, each DNA molecule has one old and one new strand.

Both DNA molecule formed contain one old parental strand and one newly synthesized daughter strand. Thus, only one strand of daughter strand is identical to parental old strands.

Conclusion

DNA replication is semi conservative as newly synthesized DNA strands conserve one old parental strand along with the new daughter strand.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 2CT

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The direction of replication of the new strand and also explain leading and lagging strands.

Concept introduction:

DNA replication is a process by which a DNA molecule is replicated or multiplied in numbers. The three major steps of DNA replication are unwinding of DNA strands, complementary bas pairing and joining of short DNA sequences on lagging strand.

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Pictorial representation: DNA replication is represented as below:

5′ A T C G G C T A C G T T C A C¯ 3′3′ T A G C C G A T G C A A G T G_← 5′5′ A T C →G G C →T A C →G T T →C A C→ 3′3′ T A G C C G A T G C A A G T G_ 5′

Fig. 1: DNA replication.

Replication process begins with unwinding of double DNA strand with the help of DNA helicase enzyme. This results in the formation of replication fork. Each separated DNA strands act as template to synthesize two new strands.

Replication of given segment of DNA:

5′ ATCGGCTACGTTCAC 3′3′ TAGCCGATGCAAGTG 5′

The two parental strands are anti parallel to each other thus newly synthesized daughter strands are also anti parallel. DNA strand is always formed in 5′ to 3′ direction. Thus, the top strand (5′ to 3′) will replicate from right to left (3′ to 5′) and the bottom strand (3′ to 5′) will replicate from left to right (5′ to 3′). As each of the parental strand acts as template for the synthesis of daughter strands, following will be the replication of given DNA segment:

3′ TAGCCGATGCAAGTG 5′5′ ATCGGCTACGTTCAC 3′

The new nucleotides formed, pairs with their complementary bases with old parental strands. One strand is called leading strand (5′ to 3′) on which continuous DNA synthesis (right to left) takes place and other strand is called lagging strand (3′ to 5′) on which short Okazaki fragments of DNA (left to right) are formed in discontinuous manner. The short discontinuous stretches formed on lagging strand are joined to form a daughter strand by DNA ligase enzyme.

Conclusion

DNA replication takes place by two ways: DNA strand from 5′ to 3′ replicate in continuous way and other DNA strand from 3′ to 5′ replicates in discontinuous way.

b.

Summary Introduction

To explain:

Semiconservative replication and whether new strands are identical to the original segment of DNA.

Concept introduction:

In DNA replication, a double stranded DNA molecule is produced with two complementary strands of nucleotides. Parental strand (old) unwinds and separates at several points by breaking the hydrogen bond forming the replication fork. Once the strands get separated, each parental strand provides a template that contains nucleotides and complementary nucleotide attached to each. Each newly formed DNA molecule consists of one parent and one daughter strand, as a result of replication.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

DNA replication is considered as semi conservative because the newly synthesized DNA molecules have one strand of parental DNA that act as template for the formation of new daughter DNA strands. Thus, each DNA molecule has one old and one new strand.

Both DNA molecule formed contain one old parental strand and one newly synthesized daughter strand. Thus, only one strand of daughter strand is identical to parental old strands.

Conclusion

DNA replication is semi conservative as newly synthesized DNA strands conserve one old parental strand along with the new daughter strand.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 2CT

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The direction of replication of the new strand and also explain leading and lagging strands.

Concept introduction:

DNA replication is a process by which a DNA molecule is replicated or multiplied in numbers. The three major steps of DNA replication are unwinding of DNA strands, complementary bas pairing and joining of short DNA sequences on lagging strand.

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Pictorial representation: DNA replication is represented as below:

5′ A T C G G C T A C G T T C A C¯ 3′3′ T A G C C G A T G C A A G T G_← 5′5′ A T C →G G C →T A C →G T T →C A C→ 3′3′ T A G C C G A T G C A A G T G_ 5′

Fig. 1: DNA replication.

Replication process begins with unwinding of double DNA strand with the help of DNA helicase enzyme. This results in the formation of replication fork. Each separated DNA strands act as template to synthesize two new strands.

Replication of given segment of DNA:

5′ ATCGGCTACGTTCAC 3′3′ TAGCCGATGCAAGTG 5′

The two parental strands are anti parallel to each other thus newly synthesized daughter strands are also anti parallel. DNA strand is always formed in 5′ to 3′ direction. Thus, the top strand (5′ to 3′) will replicate from right to left (3′ to 5′) and the bottom strand (3′ to 5′) will replicate from left to right (5′ to 3′). As each of the parental strand acts as template for the synthesis of daughter strands, following will be the replication of given DNA segment:

3′ TAGCCGATGCAAGTG 5′5′ ATCGGCTACGTTCAC 3′

The new nucleotides formed, pairs with their complementary bases with old parental strands. One strand is called leading strand (5′ to 3′) on which continuous DNA synthesis (right to left) takes place and other strand is called lagging strand (3′ to 5′) on which short Okazaki fragments of DNA (left to right) are formed in discontinuous manner. The short discontinuous stretches formed on lagging strand are joined to form a daughter strand by DNA ligase enzyme.

Conclusion

DNA replication takes place by two ways: DNA strand from 5′ to 3′ replicate in continuous way and other DNA strand from 3′ to 5′ replicates in discontinuous way.

b.

Summary Introduction

To explain:

Semiconservative replication and whether new strands are identical to the original segment of DNA.

Concept introduction:

In DNA replication, a double stranded DNA molecule is produced with two complementary strands of nucleotides. Parental strand (old) unwinds and separates at several points by breaking the hydrogen bond forming the replication fork. Once the strands get separated, each parental strand provides a template that contains nucleotides and complementary nucleotide attached to each. Each newly formed DNA molecule consists of one parent and one daughter strand, as a result of replication.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

DNA replication is considered as semi conservative because the newly synthesized DNA molecules have one strand of parental DNA that act as template for the formation of new daughter DNA strands. Thus, each DNA molecule has one old and one new strand.

Both DNA molecule formed contain one old parental strand and one newly synthesized daughter strand. Thus, only one strand of daughter strand is identical to parental old strands.

Conclusion

DNA replication is semi conservative as newly synthesized DNA strands conserve one old parental strand along with the new daughter strand.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 2CT

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The direction of replication of the new strand and also explain leading and lagging strands.

Concept introduction:

DNA replication is a process by which a DNA molecule is replicated or multiplied in numbers. The three major steps of DNA replication are unwinding of DNA strands, complementary bas pairing and joining of short DNA sequences on lagging strand.

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Pictorial representation: DNA replication is represented as below:

5′ A T C G G C T A C G T T C A C¯ 3′3′ T A G C C G A T G C A A G T G_← 5′5′ A T C →G G C →T A C →G T T →C A C→ 3′3′ T A G C C G A T G C A A G T G_ 5′

Fig. 1: DNA replication.

Replication process begins with unwinding of double DNA strand with the help of DNA helicase enzyme. This results in the formation of replication fork. Each separated DNA strands act as template to synthesize two new strands.

Replication of given segment of DNA:

5′ ATCGGCTACGTTCAC 3′3′ TAGCCGATGCAAGTG 5′

The two parental strands are anti parallel to each other thus newly synthesized daughter strands are also anti parallel. DNA strand is always formed in 5′ to 3′ direction. Thus, the top strand (5′ to 3′) will replicate from right to left (3′ to 5′) and the bottom strand (3′ to 5′) will replicate from left to right (5′ to 3′). As each of the parental strand acts as template for the synthesis of daughter strands, following will be the replication of given DNA segment:

3′ TAGCCGATGCAAGTG 5′5′ ATCGGCTACGTTCAC 3′

The new nucleotides formed, pairs with their complementary bases with old parental strands. One strand is called leading strand (5′ to 3′) on which continuous DNA synthesis (right to left) takes place and other strand is called lagging strand (3′ to 5′) on which short Okazaki fragments of DNA (left to right) are formed in discontinuous manner. The short discontinuous stretches formed on lagging strand are joined to form a daughter strand by DNA ligase enzyme.

Conclusion

DNA replication takes place by two ways: DNA strand from 5′ to 3′ replicate in continuous way and other DNA strand from 3′ to 5′ replicates in discontinuous way.

b.

Summary Introduction

To explain:

Semiconservative replication and whether new strands are identical to the original segment of DNA.

Concept introduction:

In DNA replication, a double stranded DNA molecule is produced with two complementary strands of nucleotides. Parental strand (old) unwinds and separates at several points by breaking the hydrogen bond forming the replication fork. Once the strands get separated, each parental strand provides a template that contains nucleotides and complementary nucleotide attached to each. Each newly formed DNA molecule consists of one parent and one daughter strand, as a result of replication.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

DNA replication is considered as semi conservative because the newly synthesized DNA molecules have one strand of parental DNA that act as template for the formation of new daughter DNA strands. Thus, each DNA molecule has one old and one new strand.

Both DNA molecule formed contain one old parental strand and one newly synthesized daughter strand. Thus, only one strand of daughter strand is identical to parental old strands.

Conclusion

DNA replication is semi conservative as newly synthesized DNA strands conserve one old parental strand along with the new daughter strand.

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Answer 5

Chapter 8, Problem 2CT

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The direction of replication of the new strand and also explain leading and lagging strands.

Concept introduction:

DNA replication is a process by which a DNA molecule is replicated or multiplied in numbers. The three major steps of DNA replication are unwinding of DNA strands, complementary bas pairing and joining of short DNA sequences on lagging strand.

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Pictorial representation: DNA replication is represented as below:

5′ A T C G G C T A C G T T C A C¯ 3′3′ T A G C C G A T G C A A G T G_← 5′5′ A T C →G G C →T A C →G T T →C A C→ 3′3′ T A G C C G A T G C A A G T G_ 5′

Fig. 1: DNA replication.

Replication process begins with unwinding of double DNA strand with the help of DNA helicase enzyme. This results in the formation of replication fork. Each separated DNA strands act as template to synthesize two new strands.

Replication of given segment of DNA:

5′ ATCGGCTACGTTCAC 3′3′ TAGCCGATGCAAGTG 5′

The two parental strands are anti parallel to each other thus newly synthesized daughter strands are also anti parallel. DNA strand is always formed in 5′ to 3′ direction. Thus, the top strand (5′ to 3′) will replicate from right to left (3′ to 5′) and the bottom strand (3′ to 5′) will replicate from left to right (5′ to 3′). As each of the parental strand acts as template for the synthesis of daughter strands, following will be the replication of given DNA segment:

3′ TAGCCGATGCAAGTG 5′5′ ATCGGCTACGTTCAC 3′

The new nucleotides formed, pairs with their complementary bases with old parental strands. One strand is called leading strand (5′ to 3′) on which continuous DNA synthesis (right to left) takes place and other strand is called lagging strand (3′ to 5′) on which short Okazaki fragments of DNA (left to right) are formed in discontinuous manner. The short discontinuous stretches formed on lagging strand are joined to form a daughter strand by DNA ligase enzyme.

Conclusion

DNA replication takes place by two ways: DNA strand from 5′ to 3′ replicate in continuous way and other DNA strand from 3′ to 5′ replicates in discontinuous way.

b.

Summary Introduction

To explain:

Semiconservative replication and whether new strands are identical to the original segment of DNA.

Concept introduction:

In DNA replication, a double stranded DNA molecule is produced with two complementary strands of nucleotides. Parental strand (old) unwinds and separates at several points by breaking the hydrogen bond forming the replication fork. Once the strands get separated, each parental strand provides a template that contains nucleotides and complementary nucleotide attached to each. Each newly formed DNA molecule consists of one parent and one daughter strand, as a result of replication.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

DNA replication is considered as semi conservative because the newly synthesized DNA molecules have one strand of parental DNA that act as template for the formation of new daughter DNA strands. Thus, each DNA molecule has one old and one new strand.

Both DNA molecule formed contain one old parental strand and one newly synthesized daughter strand. Thus, only one strand of daughter strand is identical to parental old strands.

Conclusion

DNA replication is semi conservative as newly synthesized DNA strands conserve one old parental strand along with the new daughter strand.

Answer 6

Chapter 8, Problem 2CT

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The direction of replication of the new strand and also explain leading and lagging strands.

Concept introduction:

DNA replication is a process by which a DNA molecule is replicated or multiplied in numbers. The three major steps of DNA replication are unwinding of DNA strands, complementary bas pairing and joining of short DNA sequences on lagging strand.

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Pictorial representation: DNA replication is represented as below:

5′ A T C G G C T A C G T T C A C¯ 3′3′ T A G C C G A T G C A A G T G_← 5′5′ A T C →G G C →T A C →G T T →C A C→ 3′3′ T A G C C G A T G C A A G T G_ 5′

Fig. 1: DNA replication.

Replication process begins with unwinding of double DNA strand with the help of DNA helicase enzyme. This results in the formation of replication fork. Each separated DNA strands act as template to synthesize two new strands.

Replication of given segment of DNA:

5′ ATCGGCTACGTTCAC 3′3′ TAGCCGATGCAAGTG 5′

The two parental strands are anti parallel to each other thus newly synthesized daughter strands are also anti parallel. DNA strand is always formed in 5′ to 3′ direction. Thus, the top strand (5′ to 3′) will replicate from right to left (3′ to 5′) and the bottom strand (3′ to 5′) will replicate from left to right (5′ to 3′). As each of the parental strand acts as template for the synthesis of daughter strands, following will be the replication of given DNA segment:

3′ TAGCCGATGCAAGTG 5′5′ ATCGGCTACGTTCAC 3′

The new nucleotides formed, pairs with their complementary bases with old parental strands. One strand is called leading strand (5′ to 3′) on which continuous DNA synthesis (right to left) takes place and other strand is called lagging strand (3′ to 5′) on which short Okazaki fragments of DNA (left to right) are formed in discontinuous manner. The short discontinuous stretches formed on lagging strand are joined to form a daughter strand by DNA ligase enzyme.

Conclusion

DNA replication takes place by two ways: DNA strand from 5′ to 3′ replicate in continuous way and other DNA strand from 3′ to 5′ replicates in discontinuous way.

Answer 7

Chapter 8, Problem 2CT

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The direction of replication of the new strand and also explain leading and lagging strands.

Concept introduction:

DNA replication is a process by which a DNA molecule is replicated or multiplied in numbers. The three major steps of DNA replication are unwinding of DNA strands, complementary bas pairing and joining of short DNA sequences on lagging strand.

Answer 8

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Pictorial representation: DNA replication is represented as below:

5′ A T C G G C T A C G T T C A C¯ 3′3′ T A G C C G A T G C A A G T G_← 5′5′ A T C →G G C →T A C →G T T →C A C→ 3′3′ T A G C C G A T G C A A G T G_ 5′

Fig. 1: DNA replication.

Replication process begins with unwinding of double DNA strand with the help of DNA helicase enzyme. This results in the formation of replication fork. Each separated DNA strands act as template to synthesize two new strands.

Replication of given segment of DNA:

5′ ATCGGCTACGTTCAC 3′3′ TAGCCGATGCAAGTG 5′

The two parental strands are anti parallel to each other thus newly synthesized daughter strands are also anti parallel. DNA strand is always formed in 5′ to 3′ direction. Thus, the top strand (5′ to 3′) will replicate from right to left (3′ to 5′) and the bottom strand (3′ to 5′) will replicate from left to right (5′ to 3′). As each of the parental strand acts as template for the synthesis of daughter strands, following will be the replication of given DNA segment:

3′ TAGCCGATGCAAGTG 5′5′ ATCGGCTACGTTCAC 3′

The new nucleotides formed, pairs with their complementary bases with old parental strands. One strand is called leading strand (5′ to 3′) on which continuous DNA synthesis (right to left) takes place and other strand is called lagging strand (3′ to 5′) on which short Okazaki fragments of DNA (left to right) are formed in discontinuous manner. The short discontinuous stretches formed on lagging strand are joined to form a daughter strand by DNA ligase enzyme.

Answer 9

a.

Expert Solution

Answer 10

a.

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Conclusion

DNA replication takes place by two ways: DNA strand from 5′ to 3′ replicate in continuous way and other DNA strand from 3′ to 5′ replicates in discontinuous way.

Answer 13

b.

Summary Introduction

To explain:

Semiconservative replication and whether new strands are identical to the original segment of DNA.

Concept introduction:

In DNA replication, a double stranded DNA molecule is produced with two complementary strands of nucleotides. Parental strand (old) unwinds and separates at several points by breaking the hydrogen bond forming the replication fork. Once the strands get separated, each parental strand provides a template that contains nucleotides and complementary nucleotide attached to each. Each newly formed DNA molecule consists of one parent and one daughter strand, as a result of replication.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

DNA replication is considered as semi conservative because the newly synthesized DNA molecules have one strand of parental DNA that act as template for the formation of new daughter DNA strands. Thus, each DNA molecule has one old and one new strand.

Both DNA molecule formed contain one old parental strand and one newly synthesized daughter strand. Thus, only one strand of daughter strand is identical to parental old strands.

Conclusion

DNA replication is semi conservative as newly synthesized DNA strands conserve one old parental strand along with the new daughter strand.

Answer 14

b.

Summary Introduction

To explain:

Semiconservative replication and whether new strands are identical to the original segment of DNA.

Concept introduction:

In DNA replication, a double stranded DNA molecule is produced with two complementary strands of nucleotides. Parental strand (old) unwinds and separates at several points by breaking the hydrogen bond forming the replication fork. Once the strands get separated, each parental strand provides a template that contains nucleotides and complementary nucleotide attached to each. Each newly formed DNA molecule consists of one parent and one daughter strand, as a result of replication.

Answer 15

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

DNA replication is considered as semi conservative because the newly synthesized DNA molecules have one strand of parental DNA that act as template for the formation of new daughter DNA strands. Thus, each DNA molecule has one old and one new strand.

Both DNA molecule formed contain one old parental strand and one newly synthesized daughter strand. Thus, only one strand of daughter strand is identical to parental old strands.