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Interpretation:
The relative
Concept Introduction:
Electrophiles are electron deficient species which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles which accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles which donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule or ion that has unpaired electrons which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
Carbocation is a molecule having a carbon atom bearing three bonds and a positive formal charge.
Carbocation are generally unstable because they do not have eight electrons to satisfy the octet rule.
The order of stability of carbocation is such that the tertiary carbocation is the most stable whereas the primary carbocation is the least stable, and secondary carbocation lies between primary and tertiary carbocations.
If primary carbocation is obtained in product, it rearranges itself to secondary or tertiary carbocation to form more stable product.
If secondary carbocation is obtained in product, it rearranges itself to tertiary carbocation to form more stable product.
The stability of carbocation:
The addition reaction is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted into saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
The primary carbon atom is the one in which the required atom of carbon is attached to only one other atom of carbon. It is denoted by
The secondary carbon atom is the one in which the required atom of carbon is attached to two other atoms of carbon. It is denoted by
The tertiary carbon atom is the one in which the required atom of carbon is attached to three other atoms of carbon. It is denoted by
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Chapter 8 Solutions
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-ETEXT REG ACCESS
- addition of hbr to a double bond with an ether (-or) substituent occurs regiospecifically to give a product in which the Br OR are bonded to the same carbon. Draw the two possible carbocation intermediates in this electrophilic addition reaction,and explain using resonance why the observed product is formed.arrow_forwardIdentify the pericyclic reactions in the followingreaction schemes. Give the complete reaction name and indicate the course of the reaction with the aid of the arrow notation.arrow_forward11.; (a) Similar to alkanes, hydrogen gas can undergo radical bromination according to the reaction below. Propose a chain-reaction mechanism for this reaction, including an initiation step, propagation steps, and two plausible termination steps. The homolytic bond dissociation energy for Br-Br is 46 kcal·mole', for H-Br is 88 kcal'mole and for H-H is 104 kcal'mole'. hv H-H + Br-Br 2 H-Br (b) Calculate the overall AH for the above propagation steps (show all work).arrow_forward
- Propose reaction mechanisms for the synthesis of methyl ethyl ketone from (a) methanol and ethane, (b) methane and ethanol, and (c) methane, ethane, and water. For each elementary step, what would be a good reaction coordinate and why? What differences in the overall reaction rate would you expect? Plz do Allarrow_forwardPlease solve the following reaction mechanisms for various compounds (ketone, aldehyde, alcohol, carboxylic acid, amine) in the presence of diethyl ether (solvent). These reactions occured to test their solubility in ether and all were found soluble.arrow_forwardConsider the reaction scheme shown below. HCI [1] ОН (a) Provide a detailed mechanism for reaction [1].arrow_forward
- The high reactivity of alkyl halides can be explained in terms of nature of C-X bond which is highly polarized covalent bond due to large difference in the electronegativities of carbon and halogen atom. This polarity is responsible for the nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides which mostly occur by Swa and Swa mechanisms. Sy reaction is a two-step process and in the first step, R-X ionizes to give carbocation (slow process). In the second step, the nucleophile attacks the carbocation from either side to form the product (fast process). In Swi reaction, there can be racemization and inversion. Swi reaction is favored by heavy (bulky) groups on the carbon atom attached to halogens. i.e., R,C-X>R;CH-X>R-CH,X>CH,X. In Sna reaction, the strong nucleophile OH attacks from the opposite side of the chlorine atom to give an intermediate (transition state) which breaks to yield the product (alcohol) and leaving (X) group. The alcohol has a configuration opposite to that of the…arrow_forwardHeterocyclic compounds plays an important role in our daily life. They are mainly used in pharmaceutical and agrochemical products to name a few. 3. It is required to introduce a halogen group to a five membered ring, thiophene. Discuss the reaction mechanism involved in the reaction by selecting a suitable halogen group and analyze why a particular substituted product obtained after the reaction is predominant over the other possible product(s) with the help of reactions.arrow_forwardDescribe a sequence of reactions by which 2-hexyne can be prepared from acetylene while minimizing the number of steps required. O 1. NANH2; 2. CH3CH2CH2Br; 3. NaNH2; 4. CH3B1 O 1. NANH2: 2. CH3Br; 3. CH3CH2CH2B1; O 1. NANH2; CH3Br; 3. NANH2; 4. CH3CH2CH2B O A or B O A or Carrow_forward
- (b) Consider the reaction of 1-bromobutane with a large excess of ammonia (NH3). Draw the reactants, the transition state, andthe products. Note that the initial product is the salt of an amine (RNH3+ Br - ), which is deprotonated by the excess ammonia to give the amine.arrow_forwardGive step-by-step mechanism for the following reactionarrow_forward1) Draw the complete electron-pushing arrow mechanism for the following reductions. Explain, using resonance contributors (structures), the regiochemistry that results in each case. OMe Na, MeOH ? NH3 CHO Na, MeOH ? NH3arrow_forward
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage Learning
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