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Oxygen atoms can combine with ozone to form oxygen:
O3(g) + O(g) → 2 O2(g)
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Chapter 8 Solutions
Bundle: Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, Loose-Leaf Version, 9th + OWLv2, 4 terms (24 Months) Printed Access Card
- Bond Enthalpy When atoms of the hypothetical element X are placed together, they rapidly undergo reaction to form the X2 molecule: X(g)+X(g)X2(g) a Would you predict that this reaction is exothermic or endothermic? Explain. b Is the bond enthalpy of X2 a positive or a negative quantity? Why? c Suppose H for the reaction is 500 kJ/mol. Estimate the bond enthalpy of the X2 molecule. d Another hypothetical molecular compound, Y2(g), has a bond enthalpy of 750 kJ/mol, and the molecular compound XY(g) has a bond enthalpy of 1500 kJ/mol. Using bond enthalpy information, calculate H for the following reaction. X2(g)+Y2(g)2XY(g) e Given the following information, as well as the information previously presented, predict whether or not the hypothetical ionic compound AX is likely to form. In this compound, A forms the A+ cation, and X forms the X anion. Be sure to justify your answer. Reaction: A(g)+12X2(g)AX(s)The first ionization energy of A(g) is 400 kJ/mol. The electron affinity of X(g) is 525 kJ/mol. The lattice energy of AX(s) is 100 kJ/mol. f If you predicted that no ionic compound would form from the reaction in Part e, what minimum amount of AX(s) lattice energy might lead to compound formation?arrow_forwardUsing the bond dissociation enthalpies in Table 8.8, estimate the enthalpy of combustion of gaseous methane, CH4, to give water vapor and carbon dioxide gas.arrow_forwardDinitrogen monoxide, N2O, can decompose to nitrogen and oxygen gas: 2 N2O(g) 2 N2(g) + O2(g) Use bond dissociation enthalpies to estimate the enthalpy change for this reaction.arrow_forward
- Hydrogenation reactions, which involve the addition of H2 to a molecule, are widely used in industry to transform one compound into another. For example, 1-butene (C4H8) is converted to butane (C4H10) by addition of H2. Use the bond dissociation enthalpies in Table 8.8 to estimate the enthalpy change for this hydrogenation reaction.arrow_forwardEthanol can be made by the reaction of ethylene and water: H2C=CH2(g) + H2O(g) CH3CH2OH(g) Use bond dissociation enthalpies to estimate the enthalpy change in this reaction. Compare the value obtained to the value calculated from enthalpies of formation.arrow_forwardBromine-containing species play a role in environmental chemistry. For example, they are evolved in volcanic eruptions. (a) The following molecules are important in bromine environmental chemistry: HBr, BrO, and HOBr. Which is an odd-electron molecule? (b) Use bond dissociation enthalpies to estimate rH for three reactions of bromine: Br2(g) 2 Br(g) 2 Br(g) + O2(g) 2 BrO(g) BrO(g) + H2O(g) HOBr(g) + OH(g) (c) Using bond dissociation enthalpies, estimate the standard enthalpy of formation of HOBr(g) from H2(g), O2(g), and Br2(g). (d) Are the reactions in parts (b) and (c) exothermic or endothermic?arrow_forward
- Explain how bond energies can be used to estimate E for a reaction. Why is this an estimate of E? How do the product bond strengths compare to the reactant bond strengths for a reaction that releases energy? A reaction that gains energy? What is the relationship between the number of bonds between two atoms and bond strength? Bond length?arrow_forwardThe molecular structure shown is of one form of glucose, C6H12O6 Glucose can be oxidized to carbon dioxide and water according to the equation C6H12O6(S) + 6 O2(g)6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g) (a) Using the method described in Section 6-6a for estimating enthalpy changes from bond energies, estimate rH for the oxidation of this form of glucose. Make a list of all bonds broken and all bonds formed in this process. (b) Compare your result with the experimental value of 2816 kJ/mol for combustion of glucose. Why might there be a difference between this value and the one you calculated in part (a)?arrow_forwardEstimate H for the following reactions using bond energies given in Table 8.5. 3CH2=CH2(g) + 3H2(g) 3CH2CH3(g) The enthalpies of formation for C6H6(g) and C6H12 (g) are 82.9 and 90.3 kJ/mol. respectively. Calculate H for the two reactions using standard enthalpies of formation from Appendix 4. Account for any differences between the results obtained from the two methods.arrow_forward
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